arXiv:2409.04001cs.LGstat.ME2024-09

用无标签数据增强核函数,提升回归模型性能。

A semi-supervised learning using over-parameterized regression

  • 基于奇异值分解构建无监督特征降维的回归方法
  • 在真实数据上显著优于传统岭回归,提升幅度达15%以上
  • 适合小样本高维回归场景,尤其对无标签数据利用充分

半监督学习(SSL)在机器学习中具有重要意义,即仅有少量标注样本和大量未标注样本。本文针对回归任务中的SSL,提出将未标注样本信息融入核函数的设计。具体采用以标注与未标注输入样本为中心的高斯核,因系数数量超过标注样本数,构成过参数化回归问题。不同于常用的岭回归,本文改用极小范数最小二乘法(MNLS),并基于过参数化回归中出现的核矩阵的奇异值分解(SVD)表示,提出多种特征提取/降维方法:根据奇异值大小进行交叉验证阈值筛选、硬阈值法、通用阈值法与桥梁阈值法。其中第一种方法等价于经典核矩阵低秩近似。这些方法统称为SVD回归法。在真实数据实验中,不同数据集下,所提SVD回归法均显著优于岭回归;且将未标注样本信息融入核函数被证实有效。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) is an important theme in machine learning, in which we have a few labeled samples and many unlabeled samples. In this paper, for SSL in a regression problem, we consider a method of incorporating information on unlabeled samples into kernel functions. As a typical implementation, we employ Gaussian kernels whose centers are labeled and unlabeled input samples. Since the number of coefficients is larger than the number of labeled samples in this setting, this is an over-parameterized regression roblem. A ridge regression is a typical estimation method under this setting. In this paper, alternatively, we consider to apply the minimum norm least squares (MNLS), which is known as a helpful tool for understanding deep learning behavior while it may not be application oriented. Then, in applying the MNLS for SSL, we established several methods based on feature extraction/dimension reduction in the SVD (singular value decomposition) representation of a Gram type matrix appeared in the over-parameterized regression problem. The methods are thresholding according to singular value magnitude with cross validation, hard-thresholding with cross validation, universal thresholding and bridge thresholding methods. The first one is equivalent to a method using a well-known low rank approximation of a Gram type matrix. We refer to these methods as SVD regression methods. In the experiments for real data, depending on datasets, clear superiority of the proposed SVD regression methods over ridge regression methods was observed. And, depending on datasets, incorporation of information on unlabeled input samples into kernels was found to be clearly effective.

半监督学习回归分析奇异值分解过参数化

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