让机器人通过高阶行为模式预测人类预期,提升人机交互安全性。
Using High-Level Patterns to Estimate How Humans Predict a Robot will Behave
- 用离散潜空间提取人类与机器人的高阶行为模式
- 模型预测结果与真实用户预期高度一致
- 适合用于自动驾驶等需要预判人类认知的场景
人类在与机器人互动时,常基于其近期行为形成对机器人下一步动作的预测。例如,根据自动驾驶汽车的行驶轨迹,旁车司机可能判断它将保持当前车道。若机器人能理解这一预测,便可调整行为避免事故。以往研究假设人类能做出精确预测,但新研究表明人类更倾向于通过高阶行为模式进行近似判断。本文提出一种二阶心理理论方法,使机器人能估计人类对其行为的预测。通过将人类与机器人轨迹嵌入离散潜空间,每个潜变量代表一种行为类型(如变道或保持车道),并解码为状态空间中的向量场。实验表明,该模型生成的高阶预测与真实用户预测吻合度高,在模拟和真实驾驶数据集上均验证了有效性。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Humans interacting with robots often form predictions of what the robot will do next. For instance, based on the recent behavior of an autonomous car, a nearby human driver might predict that the car is going to remain in the same lane. It is important for the robot to understand the human's prediction for safe and seamless interaction: e.g., if the autonomous car knows the human thinks it is not merging -- but the autonomous car actually intends to merge -- then the car can adjust its behavior to prevent an accident. Prior works typically assume that humans make precise predictions of robot behavior. However, recent research on human-human prediction suggests the opposite: humans tend to approximate other agents by predicting their high-level behaviors. We apply this finding to develop a second-order theory of mind approach that enables robots to estimate how humans predict they will behave. To extract these high-level predictions directly from data, we embed the recent human and robot trajectories into a discrete latent space. Each element of this latent space captures a different type of behavior (e.g., merging in front of the human, remaining in the same lane) and decodes into a vector field across the state space that is consistent with the underlying behavior type. We hypothesize that our resulting high-level and course predictions of robot behavior will correspond to actual human predictions. We provide initial evidence in support of this hypothesis through proof-of-concept simulations, testing our method's predictions against those of real users, and experiments on a real-world interactive driving dataset.
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