利用日落日出时分观测，发现多颗水星内小行星和彗星。
The Palomar twilight survey of 'Ayló'chaxnim, Atiras, and comets
- 在日没与日出天文暮光期，用帕洛马望远镜拍摄近太阳区域。
- 发现1颗阿伊洛族、4颗阿提拉族小行星及8颗彗星，含2个短周期。
- 为未来天文台近太阳区探测提供方法与数据支持，适合天体物理研究者。
近太阳天空暮光观测可探测金星轨道内侧的小行星（阿伊洛族）、地球轨道内侧的天体（阿提拉族）以及彗星。本文报告使用帕洛马48英寸望远镜（P48）/兹威基瞬变设施（ZTF）相机，在2019年9月20日至2022年3月7日的傍晚天文暮光，以及2019年9月21日至2022年9月29日的早晨天文暮光期间，进行30秒r波段曝光观测的结果。共获取超过46,000次曝光，观测范围位于太阳31至66度内，r波段极限星等在18.1至20.9之间。暮光指向存在轻微季节性差异，夏季极限星等略有提升。总计发现1颗阿伊洛族小行星（594913）'Ayló'chaxnim，4颗阿提拉族小行星（2020 OV1、2021 BS1、2021 PB2、2021 VR3），并发现6颗长周期彗星（C/2020 T2、C/2020 V2、C/2021 D2、C/2021 E3、C/2022 E3、C/2022 P3）和2颗短周期彗星（P/2021 N1、P/2022 P2），均通过深度学习彗星检测流程识别。此外，还复现了11颗已知阿提拉族小行星、1颗阿伊洛族、3颗短周期彗星、2颗长周期彗星及1个星际物体。未来，维拉·鲁宾天文台将在其首年运行中开展类似暮光巡天，覆盖太阳45度以内天空。此类巡天将极大提升对地球与金星轨道内天体的探测能力。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Near-sun sky twilight observations allow for the detection of asteroid interior to the orbit of Venus (Aylos), the Earth (Atiras), and comets. We present the results of observations with the Palomar 48-inch telescope (P48)/Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) camera in 30 s r-band exposures taken during evening astronomical twilight from 2019 Sep 20 to 2022 March 7 and during morning astronomical twilight sky from 2019 Sep 21 to 2022 Sep 29. More than 46,000 exposures were taken in evening and morning astronomical twilight within 31 to 66 degrees from the Sun with an r-band limiting magnitude between 18.1 and 20.9. The twilight pointings show a slight seasonal dependence in limiting magnitude and ability to point closer towards the Sun, with limiting magnitude slightly improving during summer. In total, the one Aylo, (594913) 'Ayló'chaxnim, and 4 Atiras, 2020 OV1, 2021 BS1, 2021 PB2, and 2021 VR3, were discovered in evening and morning twilight observations. Additional twilight survey discoveries also include 6 long-period comets: C/2020 T2, C/2020 V2, C/2021 D2, C/2021 E3, C/2022 E3, and C/2022 P3, and two short-period comets: P/2021 N1 and P/2022 P2 using deep learning comet detection pipelines. The P48/ZTF twilight survey also recovered 11 known Atiras, one Aylo, three short-period comes, two long-period comets, and one interstellar object. Lastly, the Vera Rubin Observatory will conduct a twilight survey starting in its first year of operations and will cover the sky within 45 degrees of the Sun. Twilight surveys such as those by ZTF and future surveys will provide opportunities for discovering asteroids inside the orbits of Earth and Venus.
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