在接近线性可分临界点时,简单逻辑回归也会出现延迟泛化现象。
Grokking at the Edge of Linear Separability
- 利用梯度下降隐式偏差,揭示了模型在近线性可分时的特殊训练动态。
- 当数据几乎线性可分且垂直方向噪声强时,测试损失出现非单调下降。
- 发现结果与物理临界现象相似,适合研究深度学习泛化机制者阅读。
我们研究了一个简单的二分类逻辑回归任务中的grokking现象——即延迟泛化伴随非单调测试损失变化。尽管该任务中“记忆”与“泛化”解可严格定义,但令人意外的是,当问题参数接近临界点时,grokking仍会自然发生。通过梯度下降的隐式偏差分析,我们发现:当训练数据几乎线性可分于原点且存在强垂直方向噪声时,逻辑回归会出现grokking。其根本原因是,在临界点附近,损失曲面中近乎零梯度的平坦方向会导致训练动态长期滞留于准稳定解,最终才抵达全局最小值。我们还指出,该发现与近期文献高度相似,支持了grokking通常发生在插值阈值附近的猜想,类似于物理系统中常见的临界现象。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
We investigate the phenomenon of grokking -- delayed generalization accompanied by non-monotonic test loss behavior -- in a simple binary logistic classification task, for which "memorizing" and "generalizing" solutions can be strictly defined. Surprisingly, we find that grokking arises naturally even in this minimal model when the parameters of the problem are close to a critical point, and provide both empirical and analytical insights into its mechanism. Concretely, by appealing to the implicit bias of gradient descent, we show that logistic regression can exhibit grokking when the training dataset is nearly linearly separable from the origin and there is strong noise in the perpendicular directions. The underlying reason is that near the critical point, "flat" directions in the loss landscape with nearly zero gradient cause training dynamics to linger for arbitrarily long times near quasi-stable solutions before eventually reaching the global minimum. Finally, we highlight similarities between our findings and the recent literature, strengthening the conjecture that grokking generally occurs in proximity to the interpolation threshold, reminiscent of critical phenomena often observed in physical systems.
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