用少量标注数据实现高精度在线地图生成,大幅降低人工标注成本。
Exploring Semi-Supervised Learning for Online Mapping
- 利用伪标签融合提升自监督学习可靠性,改进在线地图建模。
- 仅10%标注数据时,性能比纯标注数据提升3.5倍,差距仅3.5 mIoU。
- 在未见城市上泛化能力强,仅用无标签数据即可缩小性能差距。
仅依靠车载传感器信息生成在线地图,对实现自动驾驶在未充分测绘区域的运行至关重要。传统方法训练车道线、道路边界和行人过街预测模型需大量标注数据,获取成本高且耗时。尽管半监督学习(SSL)在其他领域表现良好,其在在线地图中的潜力仍待探索。本文首次验证了SSL在该任务中的有效性,并提出一种利用多样本伪标签融合的简单有效方法,显著提升自监督训练可靠性。当仅10%数据有标注时,利用无标签数据可使性能提升3.5倍,与全监督模型(使用全部标注)的差距仅为3.5 mIoU。同时在未见城市上表现出强泛化能力:在Argoverse 2中适配匹兹堡时,仅使用目标域无标签数据即可将性能差距从5降至0.5 mIoU。结果表明,SSL是解决在线地图问题的强大工具,能显著减少对标注数据的依赖。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
The ability to generate online maps using only onboard sensory information is crucial for enabling autonomous driving beyond well-mapped areas. Training models for this task -- predicting lane markers, road edges, and pedestrian crossings -- traditionally require extensive labelled data, which is expensive and labour-intensive to obtain. While semi-supervised learning (SSL) has shown promise in other domains, its potential for online mapping remains largely underexplored. In this work, we bridge this gap by demonstrating the effectiveness of SSL methods for online mapping. Furthermore, we introduce a simple yet effective method leveraging the inherent properties of online mapping by fusing the teacher's pseudo-labels from multiple samples, enhancing the reliability of self-supervised training. If 10% of the data has labels, our method to leverage unlabelled data achieves a 3.5x performance boost compared to only using the labelled data. This narrows the gap to a fully supervised model, using all labels, to just 3.5 mIoU. We also show strong generalization to unseen cities. Specifically, in Argoverse 2, when adapting to Pittsburgh, incorporating purely unlabelled target-domain data reduces the performance gap from 5 to 0.5 mIoU. These results highlight the potential of SSL as a powerful tool for solving the online mapping problem, significantly reducing reliance on labelled data.
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