分析特朗普与哈里斯辩论语言差异,揭示红蓝政治话语的典型特征。
Red and blue language: Word choices in the Trump & Harris 2024 presidential debate
- 通过语义与语用特征对比两人发言策略
- 哈里斯多用恢复与赋权框架,特朗普侧重危机与衰退
- 哈里斯频繁提及对手姓名,特朗普极少使用对方名字
政治辩论是一种特殊的言论形式,候选人需回应主持人提问、对手观点及两党选民关切。本文分析2024年9月10日特朗普与哈里斯辩论中语言差异,聚焦语义与语用特征:价值与意识形态框架、情绪表达、语言具体性与抽象性、代词使用方式。结果发现:哈里斯常以恢复与赋权为框架,特朗普则强调危机与衰落;两人情绪语言相似,但特朗普略显负面且更少主观表达;具体性无显著差异;抽象语言使用相近,但特朗普在不同议题间波动更大;特朗普未直接提及哈里斯姓名,而哈里斯多次点名对手;哈里斯平等使用单复数代词,特朗普更倾向使用单数代词。研究结果呼应‘红蓝语言’理论,揭示保守派(红)与自由派(蓝)在语言风格上的系统性差异。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Political debates are a peculiar type of political discourse, in which candidates directly confront one another, addressing not only the the moderator's questions, but also their opponent's statements, as well as the concerns of voters from both parties and undecided voters. Therefore, language is adjusted to meet specific expectations and achieve persuasion. We analyse how the language of Trump and Harris during the debate (September 10th 2024) differs in relation to the following semantic and pragmatic features, for which we formulated targeted hypotheses: framing values and ideology, appealing to emotion, using words with different degrees of concreteness and specificity, addressing others through singular or plural pronouns. Our findings include: differences in the use of figurative frames (Harris often framing issues around recovery and empowerment, Trump often focused on crisis and decline); similar use of emotional language, with Trump showing a slight higher tendency toward negativity and toward less subjective language compared to Harris; no significant difference in the specificity of candidates' responses; similar use of abstract language, with Trump showing more variability than Harris, depending on the subject discussed; differences in addressing the opponent, with Trump not mentioning Harris by name, while Harris referring to Trump frequently; different uses of pronouns, with Harris using both singular and plural pronouns equally, while Trump using more singular pronouns. The results are discussed in relation to previous literature on Red and Blue language, which refers to distinct linguistic patterns associated with conservative (Red) and liberal (Blue) political ideologies.
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