对比模拟与实验室环境下用户协作一致性，验证仿真可替代真实实验。
Comparing the Consistency of User Studies Conducted in Simulations and Laboratory Settings
- 通过浏览器模拟环境复现人机协同装配流程
- 29名参与者在两种环境下决策一致，感知相似
- 支持用仿真研究替代耗时的实地实验
人机协作具有高度适应性，但工作流多样性使得多系统、多任务下的指标（如完工时间、空闲时间）难以统一衡量。虚拟调试可通过模拟任意数量的非确定性人机装配流程解决此问题，但需依赖数据驱动的人类行为模型。现场用户研究获取大规模数据耗时较长，而基于模拟的实验（如众包）可更高效地获取大量参与者。为确保模拟研究结果可信，需验证浏览器模拟环境中的用户行为序列是否与实验室环境中一致。本文通过一项包含29名参与者的用户研究，评估了模拟环境与实验室环境下协作装配任务的差异。结果显示，参与者在两种环境中的装配决策及情境感知高度一致，表明模拟环境可有效还原真实协作行为。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Human-robot collaboration enables highly adaptive co-working. The variety of resulting workflows makes it difficult to measure metrics as, e.g. makespans or idle times for multiple systems and tasks in a comparable manner. This issue can be addressed with virtual commissioning, where arbitrary numbers of non-deterministic human-robot workflows in assembly tasks can be simulated. To this end, data-driven models of human decisions are needed. Gathering the required large corpus of data with on-site user studies is quite time-consuming. In comparison, simulation-based studies (e.g., by crowdsourcing) would allow us to access a large pool of study participants with less effort. To rely on respective study results, human action sequences observed in a browser-based simulation environment must be shown to match those gathered in a laboratory setting. To this end, this work aims to understand to what extent cooperative assembly work in a simulated environment differs from that in an on-site laboratory setting. We show how a simulation environment can be aligned with a laboratory setting in which a robot and a human perform pick-and-place tasks together. A user study (N=29) indicates that participants' assembly decisions and perception of the situation are consistent across these different environments.
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