部署全天红外相机阵列,监测空中异常现象并初步发现144个无法解释的轨迹。
Commissioning An All-Sky Infrared Camera Array for Detection Of Airborne Objects
- 用飞机广播数据校准八台红外相机,实现全天候天空监测。
- 五个月采集约50万条空中物体轨迹,发现16%轨迹异常,144条待进一步分析。
- 提出基于概率的异常检测方法,适用于未来所有异常搜索任务。
目前关于不明空中现象(UAP)的公开科学数据极少,其特性与运动轨迹常超出已知现象范围。为弥补这一不足,伽利略项目正设计、建造并部署一个多模态地面观测站,持续监控天空并开展长期空中现象普查。其中关键设备是使用八台未制冷长波红外FLIR Boson 640相机组成的全天红外相机阵列。通过自动相关监视广播(ADS-B)数据进行创新性外部标定。在五个月实地运行中,基于真实航班数据、合成三维轨迹及人工标注数据集,建立了系统性能基线。报告了不同天气、距离和飞机尺寸下的接收率(可观测飞机被记录的比例)与检测效率(被记录飞机成功识别的比例)。从该阶段重建了约50万条空中物体轨迹。一个聚焦二维轨迹大弯曲度的简易异常搜索发现约16%轨迹为异常,经人工复核后,仍有144条轨迹保持模糊:可能为普通物体,但因缺乏距离与运动学信息或其它传感器数据而无法确认。结合观测数量与系统不确定性,得出五个月内异常总数上限为18,271条(95%置信水平)。该基于似然的方法可应用于未来所有异常探测分析。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
To date there is little publicly available scientific data on Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) whose properties and kinematics purportedly reside outside the performance envelope of known phenomena. To address this deficiency, the Galileo Project is designing, building, and commissioning a multi-modal ground-based observatory to continuously monitor the sky and conduct a rigorous long-term aerial census of all aerial phenomena, including natural and human-made. One of the key instruments is an all-sky infrared camera array using eight uncooled long-wave infrared FLIR Boson 640 cameras. Their calibration includes a novel extrinsic calibration method using airplane positions from Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) data. We establish a first baseline for the system performance over five months of field operation, using a real-world dataset derived from ADS-B data, synthetic 3-D trajectories, and a hand-labelled real-world dataset. We report acceptance rates (e.g. viewable airplanes that are recorded) and detection efficiencies (e.g. recorded airplanes which are successfully detected) for a variety of weather conditions, range and aircraft size. We reconstruct $\sim$500,000 trajectories of aerial objects from this commissioning period. A toy outlier search focused on large sinuosity of the 2-D reconstructed trajectories flags about 16% of trajectories as outliers. After manual review, 144 trajectories remain ambiguous: they are likely mundane objects but cannot be elucidated at this stage of development without distance and kinematics estimation or other sensor modalities. Our observed count of ambiguous outliers combined with systematic uncertainties yields an upper limit of 18,271 outliers count for the five-month interval at a 95% confidence level. This likelihood-based method to evaluate significance is applicable to all of our future outlier searches.
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