构建数学常数关系的超图库,自动发现75个新公式连接π、e等常数。
The Ramanujan Library -- Automated Discovery on the Hypergraph of Integer Relations
- 用超图表示常数与公式,节点为常数,边为关系式。
- 基于PSLQ算法发现75个未知常数关系,含π与e的新公式。
- 开源工具支持实验数学研究,揭示拉马努金公式的更广结构。
基本数学常数广泛存在于科学各领域。连接不同常数的公式常带来深刻洞见,揭示原本分离领域的关联。然而,此类发现长期依赖数学家的偶然灵感,极为稀少。近年自动化猜想生成算法加速了特定常数公式的发现,但常数间关联仍未被系统探索。本文首次提出专用于数学常数及其相互关系的图书馆。该库以新提出的超图结构组织:节点代表常数,边代表公式。利用此结构,我们提出并验证了一种基于PSLQ(基于QR分解与格构造的整数关系算法)的系统性方法,自动扩充该库。在开发与测试中,该策略发现了75个此前未知的常数关系,包括首条连分数常数 $C_1$ 的新公式、自然对数的新表达式,以及π与e之间的新关系。这些公式拓展了百年来拉马努金关于π与e的著名关系,使其被视为更广泛数学结构的一部分。支撑该库的代码为公开开源的API,服务于实验数学及其他科学领域的研究者。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Fundamental mathematical constants appear in nearly every field of science, from physics to biology. Formulas that connect different constants often bring great insight by hinting at connections between previously disparate fields. Discoveries of such relations, however, have remained scarce events, relying on sporadic strokes of creativity by human mathematicians. Recent developments of algorithms for automated conjecture generation have accelerated the discovery of formulas for specific constants. Yet, the discovery of connections between constants has not been addressed. In this paper, we present the first library dedicated to mathematical constants and their interrelations. This library can serve as a central repository of knowledge for scientists from different areas, and as a collaborative platform for development of new algorithms. The library is based on a new representation that we propose for organizing the formulas of mathematical constants: a hypergraph, with each node representing a constant and each edge representing a formula. Using this representation, we propose and demonstrate a systematic approach for automatically enriching this library using PSLQ, an integer relation algorithm based on QR decomposition and lattice construction. During its development and testing, our strategy led to the discovery of 75 previously unknown connections between constants, including a new formula for the `first continued fraction' constant $C_1$, novel formulas for natural logarithms, and new formulas connecting $π$ and $e$. The latter formulas generalize a century-old relation between $π$ and $e$ by Ramanujan, which until now was considered a singular formula and is now found to be part of a broader mathematical structure. The code supporting this library is a public, open-source API that can serve researchers in experimental mathematics and other fields of science.
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