arXiv:2412.15372cs.LG2024-12

用多精度图网络加速物理模拟,减少数据需求同时保持高精度。

A Multi-Fidelity Graph U-Net Model for Accelerated Physics Simulations

  • 设计多精度图U-Net架构,跨不同精度层级传递信息提升预测能力。
  • 仅需训练单个网络,相比迁移学习等方法在数据量更少时仍更准确。
  • 推出轻量版模型,训练速度提升35%,精度损失仅2%~5%,适合实时应用。

基于物理的深度学习框架在建模复杂物理系统动态方面表现出色,具备跨问题输入与分辨率的泛化能力。数据驱动的图神经网络(GNN)和神经算子已被证明在未见域和分辨率上具有良好泛化性。然而,这类模型的关键挑战在于生成训练数据的计算成本过高:复杂现象需依赖大容量数据集与高分辨率有限元法(FEM)解以保证精度,而数值误差会传播至模型误差。多精度方法可有效降低数据需求。为此,本文提出新型GNN架构——多精度图U-Net,利用多精度优势提升GNN性能。该架构能处理不同精度层级的复杂几何结构,并在层级间传递信息,显著提升高精度图的预测准确性。实验表明,该方法在精度与数据需求方面均优于基准多精度方法,且只需训练单一网络。此外,我们提出轻量版模型(Multi-Fidelity U-Net Lite),训练速度提升35%,精度下降2%~5%。大量验证显示,所提模型超越传统单精度GNN,在高精度模拟耗时过高的场景中提供了可行替代方案。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Physics-based deep learning frameworks have shown to be effective in accurately modeling the dynamics of complex physical systems with generalization capability across problem inputs. Data-driven networks like GNN, Neural Operators have proved to be very effective in generalizing the model across unseen domain and resolutions. But one of the most critical issues in these data-based models is the computational cost of generating training datasets. Complex phenomena can only be captured accurately using deep networks with large training datasets. Furthermore, numerical error of training samples is propagated in the model errors, thus requiring the need for accurate data, i.e. FEM solutions on high-resolution meshes. Multi-fidelity methods offer a potential solution to reduce the training data requirements. To this end, we propose a novel GNN architecture, Multi-Fidelity U-Net, that utilizes the advantages of the multi-fidelity methods for enhancing the performance of the GNN model. The proposed architecture utilizes the capability of GNNs to manage complex geometries across different fidelity levels, while enabling flow of information between these levels for improved prediction accuracy for high-fidelity graphs. We show that the proposed approach performs significantly better in accuracy and data requirement and only requires training of a single network compared to other benchmark multi-fidelity approaches like transfer learning. We also present Multi-Fidelity U-Net Lite, a faster version of the proposed architecture, with 35% faster training, with 2 to 5% reduction in accuracy. We carry out extensive validation to show that the proposed models surpass traditional single-fidelity GNN models in their performance, thus providing feasible alternative for addressing computational and accuracy requirements where traditional high-fidelity simulations can be time-consuming.

图神经网络物理模拟多精度建模

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