用反事实分析重新定义因果，提升情境演算中因果推理的表达力。
A Counterfactual Cause in Situation Calculus
- 基于反事实视角构建因果判定新方法
- 可自然推广至实现性因果，覆盖量化效应场景
- 解决析取效应下因果判断的细微难题，适合逻辑与认知推理研究者
当前最主流的实际因果理论是Halpern和Pearl提出的HP框架。近期研究致力于扩展HP框架以增强其表达能力，尤其是Batusov和Soutchanski在情境演算（situation calculus）中提出了实现性因果概念，该一阶形式化体系能处理动作历史中的量化效果因果。然而，该方法未从反事实角度定义。本文提出一种基于反事实分析的因果新定义，在动作历史背景下，该定义可自然推广为实现性因果。我们分析了该定义与Batusov和Soutchanski实现性因果的关系，并将其与Halpern-Pearl实际因果框架关联。特别地，我们指出在析取效应情形下应用反事实视角时存在的若干微妙问题。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Perhaps the most popular modern formulation of actual causality is the HP account by Halpern and Pearl. Recent advancement has focused on extension of HP account to lift its limited expressiveness, in particular, Batusov and Soutchanski proposed a notion of actual achievement cause in the situation calculus, a rich first-order formalism of actions and changes. Among other things, the first-order nature allows for determining the cause of quantified effects in a given action history therein. While intuitively appealing, Batusov and Soutchanski's account is not defined in a counterfactual perspective. In this paper, we propose a notion of cause based on counterfactual analysis. In the context of action history, we show that our notion of cause generalizes naturally to a notion of achievement cause. We analyze the relationship between our notion of the achievement cause and the achievement cause by Batusov and Soutchanski. Finally, we relate our account of cause to Halpern and Pearl's account of actual causality. Particularly, we note some nuances in applying a counterfactual viewpoint to disjunctive effects, a common thorn in definitions of actual causes.
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