解决联邦学习中用户偏好不一致的问题，实现个性化模型训练。

Federated Learning (FL) is a distributed machine learning strategy, developed for settings where training data is owned by distributed devices and cannot be shared. FL circumvents this constraint by carrying out model training in distribution. The parameters of these local models are shared intermittently among participants and aggregated to enhance model accuracy. This strategy has been rapidly adopted by the industry in efforts to overcome privacy and resource constraints in model training. However, the application of FL to real-world settings brings additional challenges associated with heterogeneity between participants. Research into mitigating these difficulties in FL has largely focused on only two types of heterogeneity: the unbalanced distribution of training data, and differences in client resources. Yet more types of heterogeneity are becoming relevant as the capability of FL expands to cover more complex problems, from the tuning of LLMs to enabling machine learning on edge devices. In this work, we discuss a novel type of heterogeneity that is likely to become increasingly relevant in future applications: this is preference heterogeneity, emerging when clients learn under multiple objectives, with different importance assigned to each objective on different clients. In this work, we discuss the implications of this type of heterogeneity and propose FedPref, a first algorithm designed to facilitate personalised FL in this setting. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm across different problems, preference distributions and model architectures. In addition, we introduce a new analytical point of view, based on multi-objective metrics, for evaluating the performance of FL algorithms in this setting beyond the traditional client-focused metrics. We perform a second experimental analysis based in this view, and show that FedPref outperforms compared algorithms.