用训练初期的不成熟模型做分布外检测,效果竟比成熟模型更好。
OOD Detection with immature Models
- 利用模型各层梯度范数的联合分布进行分布外检测
- 早期停止的不成熟模型在多个数据集上表现优于成熟模型
- 为理解生成模型如何学习数据分布提供了新视角
基于似然的深度生成模型(DGMs)虽能逼近高维数据分布,但往往无法在分布内(ID)输入上赋予更高的似然值,尤其当ID数据比分布外(OOD)数据更复杂时。现有方法多依赖完全收敛的模型,训练成本高。本文发现,使用训练早期停止的不成熟模型,在分布外检测任务上可达到甚至超过成熟模型的效果。这一现象揭示了模型学习数据分布的机制,并通过支持重叠概念给出了可能解释。该发现提升了对DGMs训练动态的理解,表明部分训练模型也可有效用于下游任务。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Likelihood-based deep generative models (DGMs) have gained significant attention for their ability to approximate the distributions of high-dimensional data. However, these models lack a performance guarantee in assigning higher likelihood values to in-distribution (ID) inputs, data the models are trained on, compared to out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs. This counter-intuitive behaviour is particularly pronounced when ID inputs are more complex than OOD data points. One potential approach to address this challenge involves leveraging the gradient of a data point with respect to the parameters of the DGMs. A recent OOD detection framework proposed estimating the joint density of layer-wise gradient norms for a given data point as a model-agnostic method, demonstrating superior performance compared to the Typicality Test across likelihood-based DGMs and image dataset pairs. In particular, most existing methods presuppose access to fully converged models, the training of which is both time-intensive and computationally demanding. In this work, we demonstrate that using immature models,stopped at early stages of training, can mostly achieve equivalent or even superior results on this downstream task compared to mature models capable of generating high-quality samples that closely resemble ID data. This novel finding enhances our understanding of how DGMs learn the distribution of ID data and highlights the potential of leveraging partially trained models for downstream tasks. Furthermore, we offer a possible explanation for this unexpected behaviour through the concept of support overlap.
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