提升视觉大模型可解释性，让模型的决策过程像人一样清晰可懂。

This thesis explores advanced approaches to improve explainability in computer vision by analyzing and modeling the features exploited by deep neural networks. Initially, it evaluates attribution methods, notably saliency maps, by introducing a metric based on algorithmic stability and an approach utilizing Sobol indices, which, through quasi-Monte Carlo sequences, allows a significant reduction in computation time. In addition, the EVA method offers a first formulation of attribution with formal guarantees via verified perturbation analysis. Experimental results indicate that in complex scenarios these methods do not provide sufficient understanding, particularly because they identify only "where" the model focuses without clarifying "what" it perceives. Two hypotheses are therefore examined: aligning models with human reasoning -- through the introduction of a training routine that integrates the imitation of human explanations and optimization within the space of 1-Lipschitz functions -- and adopting a conceptual explainability approach. The CRAFT method is proposed to automate the extraction of the concepts used by the model and to assess their importance, complemented by MACO, which enables their visualization. These works converge towards a unified framework, illustrated by an interactive demonstration applied to the 1000 ImageNet classes in a ResNet model.