统一解析三种图模式语言的核心机制，揭示共性与差异。
Common Foundations for SHACL, ShEx, and PG-Schema
- 构建统一框架形式化三种图模式语言的核心组件
- 发现三者在约束定义上存在共享功能集
- 帮助开发者理解选择适合场景的语言
图已成为众多应用的重要基础，包括事实知识建模、语义数据集成、社交网络及为机器学习提供事实知识。为形式化数据属性并保障数据质量，需描述图的模式。由于应用场景广泛及数据模型（如RDF和属性图）多样，语义网与数据库领域分别独立发展出SHACL、ShEx和PG-Schema三种图模式语言。各语言在约束定义与数据验证上各有方法，令使用者难以判断其异同。本文提供这三种语言核心组件的正式、简洁定义，采用统一框架进行系统比较，识别出它们共有的功能集合，揭示三者的重叠与独特特性。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Graphs have emerged as an important foundation for a variety of applications, including capturing and reasoning over factual knowledge, semantic data integration, social networks, and providing factual knowledge for machine learning algorithms. To formalise certain properties of the data and to ensure data quality, there is a need to describe the schema of such graphs. Because of the breadth of applications and availability of different data models, such as RDF and property graphs, both the Semantic Web and the database community have independently developed graph schema languages: SHACL, ShEx, and PG-Schema. Each language has its unique approach to defining constraints and validating graph data, leaving potential users in the dark about their commonalities and differences. In this paper, we provide formal, concise definitions of the core components of each of these schema languages. We employ a uniform framework to facilitate a comprehensive comparison between the languages and identify a common set of functionalities, shedding light on both overlapping and distinctive features of the three languages.
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