arXiv:2504.07513cs.LGcs.AI2025-04

用轻量模块定制大模型,低成本实现个性化能力。

GPT Carry-On: Training Foundation Model for Customization Could Be Simple, Scalable and Affordable

  • 在预训练模型末层嵌入上加轻量分支,不更新主模型参数。
  • 100万参数的模块仅需不到1GB显存,300亿参数模型上训练成功。
  • 只需1000条思维链数据,就能显著提升数学解题能力。

当前大型语言模型已广泛应用于日常场景。我们探讨是否能为每个用户或任务定制专属模型。传统持续训练或微调需大量计算资源,而部署时的推理节点(如低端GPU)通常优化了前向传播速度。为此,我们提出一种新框架,充分利用现有模型与在线服务系统:在预训练模型的最终层嵌入上添加额外的Transformer块作为基础,再通过一个携带式模块(carry-on module)将多个基础模型组合成定制化大模型。可混合不同领域专用模型(如对话、编程、数学),形成适配新任务的混合模型。由于基础模型无需更新参数,可将大部分训练任务外包至推理节点,仅在训练节点轻量级训练携带模块,仅消耗不足1GB GPU内存即可在300亿参数模型上训练1亿参数的携带模块。我们在Qwen和DeepSeek开源模型上进行持续预训练测试,损失收敛更快。仅用1000条思维链样本,搭配仅2层、1MB参数的携带模块,即在数学问题求解上取得显著效果。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Modern large language foundation models (LLM) have now entered the daily lives of millions of users. We ask a natural question whether it is possible to customize LLM for every user or every task. From system and industrial economy consideration, general continue-training or fine-tuning still require substantial computation and memory of training GPU nodes, whereas most inference nodes under deployment, possibly with lower-end GPUs, are configured to make forward pass fastest possible. We propose a framework to take full advantages of existing LLMs and systems of online service. We train an additional branch of transformer blocks on the final-layer embedding of pretrained LLMs, which is the base, then a carry-on module merge the base models to compose a customized LLM. We can mix multiple layers, or multiple LLMs specialized in different domains such as chat, coding, math, to form a new mixture of LLM that best fit a new task. As the base model don't need to update parameters, we are able to outsource most computation of the training job on inference nodes, and only train a lightweight carry-on on training nodes, where we consume less than 1GB GPU memory to train a 100M carry-on layer on 30B LLM. We tested Qwen and DeepSeek opensourced models for continue-pretraining and got faster loss convergence. We use it to improve solving math questions with extremely small computation and model size, with 1000 data samples of chain-of-thoughts, and as small as 1 MB parameters of two layer layer carry-on, and the results are promising.

大模型定制轻量微调模块化架构

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