用采样法高效计算非凸障碍物间的距离，提升机器人避障效率。

We consider nonconvex obstacle avoidance where a robot described by nonlinear dynamics and a nonconvex shape has to avoid nonconvex obstacles. Obstacle avoidance is a fundamental problem in robotics and well studied in control. However, existing solutions are computationally expensive (e.g., model predictive controllers), neglect nonlinear dynamics (e.g., graph-based planners), use diffeomorphic transformations into convex domains (e.g., for star shapes), or are conservative due to convex overapproximations. The key challenge here is that the computation of the distance between the shapes of the robot and the obstacles is a nonconvex problem. We propose efficient computation of this distance via sampling-based distance functions. We quantify the sampling error and show that, for certain systems, such sampling-based distance functions are valid nonsmooth control barrier functions. We also study how to deal with disturbances on the robot dynamics in our setting. Finally, we illustrate our method on a robot navigation task involving an omnidirectional robot and nonconvex obstacles. We also analyze performance and computational efficiency of our controller as a function of the number of samples.