arXiv:2504.11775stat.MLcs.CY2025-04被引 1

在隐私保护下实现无歧视保险定价,兼顾公平与合规。

Discrimination-free Insurance Pricing with Privatized Sensitive Attributes

  • 用噪声化敏感属性构建公平定价模型,避免直接使用原始敏感信息。
  • 理论证明估计器在已知和未知噪声水平下均具有效性。
  • 适合关注数据隐私与算法公平性的保险机构及监管方参考。

公平性已成为保险定价中的关键问题,因保险公司越来越多地依赖机器学习模型预测预期损失。同时,监管与隐私限制常禁止保险公司访问或使用性别、种族等敏感属性。近期精算研究通过“无歧视保费”概念解决此问题,消除敏感属性的直接与间接影响,同时保持精算一致性。然而,该方法通常需访问敏感属性本身,实际中可能不可行。本文研究在敏感属性仅以隐私化或加噪形式可观测时,如何估计无歧视保险保费。我们考虑多参与方数据场景:保险公司拥有非敏感属性与结果,可信第三方持有通过隐私机制生成的噪声化敏感属性。在此框架下,我们提出仅使用噪声化属性估计无歧视保费的统计方法。针对隐私机制已知与噪声水平未知两种实际情形,分别建立所提估计器的理论保证。数值实验与实证应用表明,该方法可在尊重隐私与监管约束的前提下实现公平保险定价。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Fairness has become an important concern in insurance pricing as insurers increasingly rely on machine learning models to predict expected losses. At the same time, regulatory and privacy constraints often restrict insurers' ability to access or use sensitive attributes such as gender or race. Recent actuarial research addresses fairness in this context through the concept of the discrimination-free premium, which removes both the direct and indirect effects of sensitive attributes while preserving actuarial consistency. However, implementing this approach typically requires access to the sensitive attributes themselves, which may not be available in practice. This paper studies the estimation of discrimination-free insurance premiums when sensitive attributes are observed only in privatized or noise-perturbed form. We consider a multi-party data setting in which insurers observe non-sensitive attributes and outcomes, while a trusted third party holds privatized sensitive attributes generated through a privacy mechanism. Within this framework, we develop statistical methods for estimating discrimination-free premiums using only the privatized attributes. We study two settings of practical relevance: when the privacy mechanism is known and when its noise level is unknown. For both cases, we establish theoretical guarantees for the proposed estimators. Numerical experiments and empirical applications demonstrate that the proposed approach enables fair insurance pricing while respecting privacy and regulatory constraints.

保险定价公平性隐私保护精算

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