用逼真模拟生成高质量手术数据，提升机器人操作学习效果

Behavior cloning facilitates the learning of dexterous manipulation skills, yet the complexity of surgical environments, the difficulty and expense of obtaining patient data, and robot calibration errors present unique challenges for surgical robot learning. We provide an enhanced surgical digital twin with photorealistic human anatomical organs, integrated into a comprehensive simulator designed to generate high-quality synthetic data to solve fundamental tasks in surgical autonomy. We present SuFIA-BC: visual Behavior Cloning policies for Surgical First Interactive Autonomy Assistants. We investigate visual observation spaces including multi-view cameras and 3D visual representations extracted from a single endoscopic camera view. Through systematic evaluation, we find that the diverse set of photorealistic surgical tasks introduced in this work enables a comprehensive evaluation of prospective behavior cloning models for the unique challenges posed by surgical environments. We observe that current state-of-the-art behavior cloning techniques struggle to solve the contact-rich and complex tasks evaluated in this work, regardless of their underlying perception or control architectures. These findings highlight the importance of customizing perception pipelines and control architectures, as well as curating larger-scale synthetic datasets that meet the specific demands of surgical tasks. Project website: https://orbit-surgical.github.io/sufia-bc/