arXiv:2505.02366cs.CLcs.AI2025-05被引 3

通过模长约束与交叉注意力,提升无监督句子嵌入的对比学习效果。

JTCSE: Joint Tensor-Modulus Constraints and Cross-Attention for Unsupervised Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddings

  • 引入张量模长约束,增强正样本间语义对齐。
  • 设计跨注意力结构,改善CLS标记关注度与池化质量。
  • 在7项任务上达当前最优,零样本迁移覆盖130+任务。

无监督对比学习已成为自然语言处理的研究热点。现有方法通常关注高维语义空间中正负样本表示的方向分布,但语义表示张量同时具备模长和方向特征,现有工作忽略模长信息,导致对比学习不足。为此,我们首先提出一种针对语义表示张量模长约束的训练目标,以强化正样本间的对齐。此外,基于BERT的模型存在注意力下沉现象,导致对聚合语义信息的CLS标记关注不足。为此,我们设计了双塔集成模型间的交叉注意力结构,增强模型对CLS标记的关注并优化其池化质量。结合上述两点,我们提出新型联合张量模长约束与交叉注意力的无监督对比学习句子嵌入框架JTCSE。我们在七项语义文本相似度计算任务上评估该框架,实验结果表明,JTCSE的双塔集成模型与单塔蒸馏模型均优于其他基线,达到当前最佳性能。此外,我们进行了广泛的零样本下游任务评估,结果显示,JTCSE在超过130个任务上整体表现优于其他基线。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Unsupervised contrastive learning has become a hot research topic in natural language processing. Existing works usually aim at constraining the orientation distribution of the representations of positive and negative samples in the high-dimensional semantic space in contrastive learning, but the semantic representation tensor possesses both modulus and orientation features, and the existing works ignore the modulus feature of the representations and cause insufficient contrastive learning. % Therefore, we firstly propose a training objective that aims at modulus constraints on the semantic representation tensor, to strengthen the alignment between the positive samples in contrastive learning. Therefore, we first propose a training objective that is designed to impose modulus constraints on the semantic representation tensor, to strengthen the alignment between positive samples in contrastive learning. Then, the BERT-like model suffers from the phenomenon of sinking attention, leading to a lack of attention to CLS tokens that aggregate semantic information. In response, we propose a cross-attention structure among the twin-tower ensemble models to enhance the model's attention to CLS token and optimize the quality of CLS Pooling. Combining the above two motivations, we propose a new \textbf{J}oint \textbf{T}ensor representation modulus constraint and \textbf{C}ross-attention unsupervised contrastive learning \textbf{S}entence \textbf{E}mbedding representation framework JTCSE, which we evaluate in seven semantic text similarity computation tasks, and the experimental results show that JTCSE's twin-tower ensemble model and single-tower distillation model outperform the other baselines and become the current SOTA. In addition, we have conducted an extensive zero-shot downstream task evaluation, which shows that JTCSE outperforms other baselines overall on more than 130 tasks.

对比学习句子嵌入BERT改进无监督

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