针对个性化二值偏好,提出在线公平分配算法,实现强公平保障。
Online Fair Division for Personalized $2$-Value Instances
- 设计确定性算法,每步维持1/(2n-1)-MMS公平性
- 最终稳定至1/4-MMS,且在特定条件下达EF1
- 适用于价值比受限的加性估值场景,适合资源分配研究者
我们研究在线公平分配问题:物品依次到达,需立即且不可逆地分配给固定n个代理,每个代理对物品有可加估值。在无额外假设时,该设置存在严重不可能性结果。为此,我们聚焦于个性化二值实例——每位代理对每个物品仅有两个可能估值(可不同),并证明可在最坏情况下获得最大化最小份额(MMS)和公平性(最多差一个物品)等经典公平性概念的保证。提出一种确定性算法,每一步维持1/(2n−1)-MMS分配,且这是任何确定性算法在每步公平性上所能达到的最佳值;但最终分配会趋于1/4-MMS。算法隐式维护所有代理的优先级系统。进一步,若允许对未来n−1步的估值有有限访问,可设计匹配算法,每n步实现一次EF1分配,且始终保持EF2分配。最后,我们的结果首次为最大最小估值比受限的加性实例提供了非平凡公平性保障。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
We study an online fair division setting, where goods arrive one at a time and there is a fixed set of $n$ agents, each of whom has an additive valuation function over the goods. Once a good appears, the value each agent has for it is revealed and it must be allocated immediately and irrevocably to one of the agents. It is known that without any assumptions about the values being severely restricted or coming from a distribution, very strong impossibility results hold in this setting. To bypass the latter, we turn our attention to instances where the valuation functions are restricted. In particular, we study personalized $2$-value instances, where there are only two possible values each agent may have for each good, possibly different across agents, and we show how to obtain worst case guarantees with respect to well-known fairness notions, such as maximin share fairness and envy-freeness up to one (or two) good(s). We suggest a deterministic algorithm that maintains a $1/(2n-1)$-MMS allocation at every time step and show that this is the best possible any deterministic algorithm can achieve if one cares about every single time step; nevertheless, eventually the allocation constructed by our algorithm becomes a $1/4$-MMS allocation. To achieve this, the algorithm implicitly maintains a fragile system of priority levels for all agents. Further, we show that, by allowing some limited access to future information, it is possible to have stronger results with less involved approaches. By knowing the values of goods for $n-1$ time steps into the future, we design a matching-based algorithm that achieves an EF$1$ allocation every $n$ time steps, while always maintaining an EF$2$ allocation. Finally, we show that our results allow us to get the first nontrivial guarantees for additive instances in which the ratio of the maximum over the minimum value an agent has for a good is bounded.
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