arXiv:2506.00103cs.CL2025-06被引 40

让大模型在无标准答案的写作任务中也能高效学习,避免奖励滥用。

Writing-Zero: Bridge the Gap Between Non-verifiable Tasks and Verifiable Rewards

  • 用自洽原则生成可验证的奖励信号,替代人工打分。
  • 无需参考文本,通过自我生成对比实现动态优化,提升写作质量。
  • 适合创意写作、对话生成等主观性任务,不依赖标注数据。

基于可验证奖励的强化学习(RLVR)已使大语言模型在数学推理和代码生成等具有客观答案的任务中取得显著进展。然而,在创作写作和开放式对话这类非可验证任务中,由于评价标准主观且缺乏明确参考,现有方法多依赖人类偏好训练的标量奖励模型,存在泛化能力差和奖励黑客问题(如过度解释、长度偏好)。本文提出统一的RLVR训练范式,引入基于写作原则的成对生成式奖励模型(GenRM)与新型自举相对策略优化(BRPO)算法。成对GenRM利用自我原则批判将主观评价转化为可靠可验证奖励;BRPO在强化学习过程中以组内生成结果为临时参照,实现无参考的动态成对比较。该方法使模型在无需监督微调的情况下发展出稳健的写作能力。实验表明,Writing-Zero在持续改进的同时有效抵抗奖励黑客,性能优于标量奖励基线,在自建与开源写作基准上均达到竞争力水平。研究揭示了在RLVR框架下统一规则、参考与无参考奖励建模的潜力,为覆盖所有语言任务的通用可扩展训练范式奠定基础。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has enabled large language models (LLMs) to achieve remarkable breakthroughs in reasoning tasks with objective ground-truth answers, such as mathematics and code generation. However, a significant gap remains for non-verifiable tasks, like creative writing and open-ended dialogue, where quality assessment is inherently subjective and lacks definitive references. Existing approaches for these domains often rely on scalar reward models trained with human preferences, which suffer from limited generalization and are prone to reward hacking, such as over-explanation and length bias. In this work, we propose a unified RLVR-based training paradigm that bridges the gap between non-verifiable tasks and verifiable rewards. We introduce a writing-principle-based pairwise Generative Reward Model (GenRM) and a novel Bootstrapped Relative Policy Optimization (BRPO) algorithm. The pairwise writing GenRM leverages self-principled critique to transform subjective assessments into reliable, verifiable rewards, while BRPO enables dynamic, reference-free pairwise comparison by leveraging a bootstrapped response as temporary reference from within group rollouts during RL training. Our approach empowers LLMs to develop robust writing capabilities without supervised fine-tuning, as demonstrated by Writing-Zero, which shows consistent improvement and strong resistance to reward hacking compared to scalar reward baselines. Furthermore, our method achieves competitive results on both in-house and open-source writing benchmarks. Our findings suggest the potential to unify rule-based, reference-based, and reference-free reward modeling under the RLVR framework, thus paving the way for a comprehensive and scalable RL training paradigm applicable across all language tasks.

强化学习大模型写作生成奖励建模

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