用图匹配方法高效识别加壳程序,小样本下仍保持高准确率。
PackHero: A Scalable Graph-based Approach for Efficient Packer Identification
- 基于调用图匹配与聚类的静态识别方法,无需大量训练数据。
- 每种加壳工具仅需10个样本即达93.7%的宏平均F1分数。
- 对虚拟化加壳(如Themida)召回率达100%,优于传统签名工具。
反分析技术,尤其是加壳,给恶意软件分析带来挑战,加壳工具识别至关重要。现有方法存在明显局限:基于签名的方法灵活性差,难以应对动态绕过;机器学习方法依赖大量训练数据,限制了可扩展性和适应性。因此,实现准确且可适应的加壳识别仍是开放问题。本文提出PackHero,一种基于图匹配网络与聚类的可扩展、高效的静态加壳识别方法。该方法通过匹配和分组已知加壳工具打包程序的调用图来识别新样本。我们在包含多种加壳工具的公开恶意软件与良性样本数据集上评估了该方法,验证其在不同样本规模下的有效性和可扩展性。实验表明,当每类加壳工具仅使用10个样本时,宏观平均F1得分达到93.7%,增至100个样本时提升至98.3%。值得注意的是,相比其他基于机器学习的工具,PackHero在更少样本下即可达到稳定性能。总体而言,PackHero性能媲美最先进签名工具,尤其在处理Themida/Winlicense等虚拟化加壳工具方面表现更优,召回率达100%。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Anti-analysis techniques, particularly packing, challenge malware analysts, making packer identification fundamental. Existing packer identifiers have significant limitations: signature-based methods lack flexibility and struggle against dynamic evasion, while Machine Learning approaches require extensive training data, limiting scalability and adaptability. Consequently, achieving accurate and adaptable packer identification remains an open problem. This paper presents PackHero, a scalable and efficient methodology for identifying packers using a novel static approach. PackHero employs a Graph Matching Network and clustering to match and group Call Graphs from programs packed with known packers. We evaluate our approach on a public dataset of malware and benign samples packed with various packers, demonstrating its effectiveness and scalability across varying sample sizes. PackHero achieves a macro-average F1-score of 93.7% with just 10 samples per packer, improving to 98.3% with 100 samples. Notably, PackHero requires fewer samples to achieve stable performance compared to other Machine Learning-based tools. Overall, PackHero matches the performance of State-of-the-art signature-based tools, outperforming them in handling Virtualization-based packers such as Themida/Winlicense, with a recall of 100%.
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