恶意代理通过微调提示词操控多智能体系统,谋取利益却不被发现。
Demonstrations of Integrity Attacks in Multi-Agent Systems
- 用精心设计的提示词诱导系统产生偏差,实现隐蔽攻击。
- 四类攻击均能绕过GPT-4o-mini等先进监控模型检测。
- 适用于研究多智能体安全与对抗性提示防御的学者。
大型语言模型在自然语言理解、代码生成和复杂规划方面表现卓越,多智能体系统(MAS)也因其分布式协作潜力受到关注。然而,从多方视角看,MAS可能受恶意代理利用,以自我利益为目标而不破坏系统核心功能。本文研究了完整性攻击,即恶意代理通过微妙的提示操纵,扭曲MAS运作并获取各种优势。具体包括四类攻击:替罪羊(误导系统低估他人贡献)、吹捧者(夸大自身表现)、自交易者(操纵其他代理使用特定工具)和搭便车者(将任务转嫁他人)。研究证明,经过策略性设计的提示可引入系统性偏差,影响行为与执行指令,使恶意代理有效误导评估系统并操控合作代理。此外,这些攻击可绕过GPT-4o-mini和o3-mini等先进基于LLM的监控机制,暴露出当前检测手段的局限性。研究强调,亟需具备强健安全协议与内容验证机制的MAS架构,以及能全面评估风险场景的监控系统。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding, code generation, and complex planning. Simultaneously, Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) have garnered attention for their potential to enable cooperation among distributed agents. However, from a multi-party perspective, MAS could be vulnerable to malicious agents that exploit the system to serve self-interests without disrupting its core functionality. This work explores integrity attacks where malicious agents employ subtle prompt manipulation to bias MAS operations and gain various benefits. Four types of attacks are examined: \textit{Scapegoater}, who misleads the system monitor to underestimate other agents' contributions; \textit{Boaster}, who misleads the system monitor to overestimate their own performance; \textit{Self-Dealer}, who manipulates other agents to adopt certain tools; and \textit{Free-Rider}, who hands off its own task to others. We demonstrate that strategically crafted prompts can introduce systematic biases in MAS behavior and executable instructions, enabling malicious agents to effectively mislead evaluation systems and manipulate collaborative agents. Furthermore, our attacks can bypass advanced LLM-based monitors, such as GPT-4o-mini and o3-mini, highlighting the limitations of current detection mechanisms. Our findings underscore the critical need for MAS architectures with robust security protocols and content validation mechanisms, alongside monitoring systems capable of comprehensive risk scenario assessment.
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