用聚类方法识别足球中突破防线的传球，量化进攻威胁效果。
Through the Gaps: Uncovering Tactical Line-Breaking Passes with Clustering
- 通过垂直空间分割建模防守阵型，聚类发现突破防线的传球。
- 在2022世界杯数据中，揭示不同球队在纵向推进与阵型破坏上的风格差异。
- 提出可解释、可扩展的战术指标，适合球队分析与球探工作。
突破防线传球（LBPs）是足球中关键的战术动作，能穿透防守线并进入高价值区域。本文提出一种基于聚类的无监督框架，利用顶级比赛中的同步事件与追踪数据检测和分析LBPs。该方法通过垂直空间分割建模对手队形，识别在开放攻防中破坏防守线的传球。除检测外，还引入多项战术指标，包括空间积累比（SBR）及两种链式变体LBPCh¹和LBPCh²，用于量化LBPs在制造即时或持续进攻威胁方面的有效性。在2022年FIFA世界杯数据上评估，揭示了各球队与球员在纵向推进与结构破坏上的风格差异。所提方法具备可解释性、可扩展性，可直接应用于现代表现分析与球探流程。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Line-breaking passes (LBPs) are crucial tactical actions in football, allowing teams to penetrate defensive lines and access high-value spaces. In this study, we present an unsupervised, clustering-based framework for detecting and analysing LBPs using synchronised event and tracking data from elite matches. Our approach models opponent team shape through vertical spatial segmentation and identifies passes that disrupt defensive lines within open play. Beyond detection, we introduce several tactical metrics, including the space build-up ratio (SBR) and two chain-based variants, LBPCh$^1$ and LBPCh$^2$, which quantify the effectiveness of LBPs in generating immediate or sustained attacking threats. We evaluate these metrics across teams and players in the 2022 FIFA World Cup, revealing stylistic differences in vertical progression and structural disruption. The proposed methodology is explainable, scalable, and directly applicable to modern performance analysis and scouting workflows.
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