用原始数据自动构建无偏领域评测,低成本验证大模型专业能力。
From Raw Corpora to Domain Benchmarks: Automated Evaluation of LLM Domain Expertise
- 从原始文本提取关键词,生成可预测的填空式题目
- 模型在新基准上的表现与专家标注基准高度相关
- 适合评估基础模型和对话模型的领域知识,支持持续更新
准确评估大语言模型在特定领域的专业能力至关重要,尤其在法律、医疗、教育等直接影响人类的领域。现有评测常受数据污染影响,且多基于多项选择题,存在固有偏差。本文提出一种确定性流水线,将原始领域语料直接转化为无需依赖其他模型或人工标注的填空式评测。首先从输入语料中提取领域关键词及目标词汇,再构建以领域词为预测目标的提示-目标对。通过测量模型完成这些提示的能力,实现低计算成本下的领域知识直接评估。该方法避免评测污染,支持自动化更新,便于对比基础模型与指令微调(聊天)模型的表现。我们验证了模型在本基准上的表现与专家构建基准显著相关,并展示了其在领域适应、持续学习和通用预训练中的知识获取分析价值。最后,在统一框架下比较了基础模型与聊天模型在指令微调后的差异。结果表明,该流水线实现了可扩展、领域专用、模型无关且无偏的评测,适用于基础模型与聊天模型的评估。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Accurate domain-specific benchmarking of LLMs is essential, specifically in domains with direct implications for humans, such as law, healthcare, and education. However, existing benchmarks are documented to be contaminated and are based on multiple-choice questions, which suffer from inherent biases. To measure domain-specific knowledge in LLMs, we present a deterministic pipeline that transforms raw domain corpora into completion-style benchmarks without relying on other LLMs or costly human annotation. Our approach first extracts domain-specific keywords and related target vocabulary from an input corpus. It then constructs prompt-target pairs where domain-specific words serve as prediction targets. By measuring LLMs' ability to complete these prompts, we provide a direct assessment of domain knowledge at low computational cost. Our pipeline avoids benchmark contamination, enables automated updates with new domain data, and facilitates fair comparisons between base and instruction-tuned (chat) models. We validate our approach by showing that model performances on our benchmark significantly correlate with those on an expert-curated benchmark. We then demonstrate how our benchmark provides insights into knowledge acquisition in domain-adaptive, continual, and general pretraining. Finally, we examine the effects of instruction fine-tuning by comparing base and chat models within our unified evaluation framework. In conclusion, our pipeline enables scalable, domain-specific, LLM-independent, and unbiased evaluation of both base and chat models.
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