arXiv:2506.08917quant-phcs.AI2025-06

用量子退火生成类人密码,128个样本即含真实风格密码。

Quantum Adiabatic Generation of Human-Like Passwords

  • 将密码编码为QUBO与UD-MIS问题,通过量子退火生成
  • 在256量子比特中生成128个密码,含真实风格如Tunas200992
  • 适合安全测试场景,为小规模量子计算应用新方向

生成式人工智能(GenAI)在自然语言处理中占据主导地位。量子计算是否能降低训练和运行GenAI模型的巨大资源需求,是当前重要研究方向。尽管大规模生成任务尚难由实用量子计算机完成,但生成短语结构如密码已具备可行性。生成模仿真实用户行为的密码可用于测试认证系统在真实威胁模型下的表现。近期,基于深度学习的密码生成已取得显著进展,可生成新颖且逼真的密码候选。本文研究了量子退火计算机在该任务中的潜力。我们探索了不同标记串编码方式,提出基于二次无约束二元优化(QUBO)和单位盘最大独立集(UD-MIS)的新方法。该方法可从数据中估计标记分布,并通过绝热过程制备量子态,最终通过测量采样生成密码。结果表明,在QuEra Aquila 256量子比特中子原子量子计算机上,仅需128个样本即可生成如Tunas200992或teedem28iglove等类人密码。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) for Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the predominant AI technology to date. An important perspective for Quantum Computing (QC) is the question whether QC has the potential to reduce the vast resource requirements for training and operating GenAI models. While large-scale generative NLP tasks are currently out of reach for practical quantum computers, the generation of short semantic structures such as passwords is not. Generating passwords that mimic real user behavior has many applications, for example to test an authentication system against realistic threat models. Classical password generation via deep learning have recently been investigated with significant progress in their ability to generate novel, realistic password candidates. In the present work we investigate the utility of adiabatic quantum computers for this task. More precisely, we study different encodings of token strings and propose novel approaches based on the Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) and the Unit-Disk Maximum Independent Set (UD-MIS) problems. Our approach allows us to estimate the token distribution from data and adiabatically prepare a quantum state from which we eventually sample the generated passwords via measurements. Our results show that relatively small samples of 128 passwords, generated on the QuEra Aquila 256-qubit neutral atom quantum computer, contain human-like passwords such as "Tunas200992" or "teedem28iglove".

量子生成密码学退火计算

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