无需分叶木，直接从点云拓扑重构树结构估生物量。
Shortest-Path Decomposition for Foliage-Robust 3D Tree Modeling and Above-Ground Biomass Estimation from Point Clouds
- 基于最短路径图的拓扑特征自动识别枝干层级
- 叶茂条件下生物量估测误差仅17.2%（RMSE 2.37 Mg）
- 适配热带/温带多种平台，无需参数调优
通过地面激光扫描（TLS）构建定量结构模型（QSM）估算地上生物量（AGB）在无叶期极为准确，但多数现有方法在有叶时性能显著下降。传统叶片-枝干分离法引入额外误差与复杂性。本文提出一种拓扑驱动的叶层抑制方法，不依赖显式分类，直接在点云图的最短路径树上重构枝干层级。节点路径遍历频率精确反映其子树规模，结合三种路径结构分解与自适应频数阈值（拐点处），仅需一次Dijkstra算法即可恢复分支结构。在热带密集TLS和温带低密度无人机激光扫描（ULS）数据上共测试90棵树，叶茂条件下平均绝对百分比偏差（MAPD）为17.2%，均方根误差（RMSE）2.37 Mg（RMSE% 34.8%），R²达0.956，优于最佳分离辅助的TreeQSM方案（21.2%）。结构分析显示叶层引入均值几何误差2.6 cm（RMS 3.8 cm），但保留层级体积分布。在低密度ULS数据上，使用实测胸径时MAPD为6.4%，使用高度推算胸径时为32.3%。所有实验采用相同参数。该方法绕过叶木分离障碍，推动叶茂条件下的运营化QSM森林清查。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Estimating above-ground biomass (AGB) from terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) via quantitative structural models (QSMs) is highly accurate under leaf-off conditions, yet major QSM paradigms degrade sharply when foliage is present. The standard remedy, leaf-wood separation, introduces its own errors and complexity. We present topology-driven foliage suppression that replaces explicit leaf--wood classification inside the reconstruction pipeline. On the shortest-path tree of a point-cloud graph, the number of root-to-node paths traversing a node equals the size of its rooted subtree, so path traversal frequency is an exact topological descriptor of branching hierarchy. Three decompositions of the path structure, plus an adaptive frequency threshold at the elbow of frequency growth along each branch, recover the branching hierarchy from a single Dijkstra run. We evaluate it on 90 trees under exclusively leaf-on conditions across tropical TLS and temperate UAV laser scanning (ULS) platforms. On dense tropical TLS it achieves a mean absolute percentage deviation (MAPD) of 17.2% with RMSE 2.37~Mg (RMSE% 34.8%) and an R^2 of 0.956, outperforming the best separation-assisted TreeQSM pipeline (21.2%). Structural analysis confirms that foliage introduces 2.6~cm of mean geometric error (3.8~cm RMS) and preserves the hierarchical volume distribution. On low-density ULS data, MAPD reaches 6.4% with field-measured diameter at breast height (DBH) and 32.3% with DBH inferred allometrically from tree height. All AGB experiments use identical parameter settings. Directly recovering branching hierarchy from shortest-path structure removes a barrier to operational QSM-based forest inventory under leaf-on conditions.
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