arXiv:2506.19356cs.CRcs.LG2025-06被引 2

通过融合网页结构与网址特征,精准识别恶意链接并解释原因。

WebGuard++:Interpretable Malicious URL Detection via Bidirectional Fusion of HTML Subgraphs and Multi-Scale Convolutional BERT

  • 用分层卷积与Transformer联合分析网址的词法和语义特征。
  • 在稀疏网页图中放大可疑节点信号,提升检测灵敏度。
  • 可定位具体恶意代码位置,适合安全研究者使用。

URL与HTML特征融合在鲁棒恶意网址检测中展现出潜力,因攻击痕迹常保留在DOM结构中。然而,现有方法存在四大缺陷:(1)网址建模不完整,未能同时捕捉词法模式与语义上下文;(2)HTML图稀疏,威胁节点(如混淆脚本)被良性内容包围,导致信号衰减;(3)单向分析,忽略网址与HTML特征的双向交互;(4)决策不透明,无法追溯恶意组件来源。为此,我们提出WebGuard++,包含四个创新模块:(1)跨尺度网址编码器:基于Transformer与动态卷积,分层次学习局部到全局、粗粒度到细粒度的网址特征;(2)子图感知式HTML编码器:将DOM图分解为可解释子结构,通过分层特征融合增强稀疏威胁信号;(3)双向耦合模块:通过跨模态对比学习对齐网址与HTML嵌入,优化模态间一致性与模态内特异性;(4)投票模块:通过恶意子图预测的共识定位恶意区域。实验表明,WebGuard++在两个数据集上于固定FPR=0.001和0.0001时,分别实现1.1倍至7.9倍更高的真正例率(TPR),显著优于当前最优基线。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

URL+HTML feature fusion shows promise for robust malicious URL detection, since attacker artifacts persist in DOM structures. However, prior work suffers from four critical shortcomings: (1) incomplete URL modeling, failing to jointly capture lexical patterns and semantic context; (2) HTML graph sparsity, where threat-indicative nodes (e.g., obfuscated scripts) are isolated amid benign content, causing signal dilution during graph aggregation; (3) unidirectional analysis, ignoring URL-HTML feature bidirectional interaction; and (4) opaque decisions, lacking attribution to malicious DOM components. To address these challenges, we present WebGuard++, a detection framework with 4 novel components: 1) Cross-scale URL Encoder: Hierarchically learns local-to-global and coarse to fine URL features based on Transformer network with dynamic convolution. 2) Subgraph-aware HTML Encoder: Decomposes DOM graphs into interpretable substructures, amplifying sparse threat signals via Hierarchical feature fusion. 3) Bidirectional Coupling Module: Aligns URL and HTML embeddings through cross-modal contrastive learning, optimizing inter-modal consistency and intra-modal specificity. 4) Voting Module: Localizes malicious regions through consensus voting on malicious subgraph predictions. Experiments show WebGuard++ achieves significant improvements over state-of-the-art baselines, achieving 1.1x-7.9x higher TPR at fixed FPR of 0.001 and 0.0001 across both datasets.

恶意检测网页安全可解释性图神经网络

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