提出可证明隐私保护的LLM推理方法,让敏感信息在文本改写中不可被推断。
DP-Fusion: Token-Level Differentially Private Inference for Large Language Models
- 通过标记敏感词、对比有无敏感词的输出,融合分布以控制隐私泄露
- 在ε=0时完全隐藏敏感信息,且相比同类方法困惑度降低6倍
- 适合需要保护文档隐私的场景,如个人身份信息脱敏
大型语言模型在推理阶段不保证隐私。模型输出可能无意泄露上下文中的信息,尤其当模型通过工具或数据库增强且包含敏感内容时。现有推理阶段隐私保护方法要么缺乏可证明保障,要么隐私与性能权衡不佳。本文提出DP-Fusion,一种针对大模型的差分隐私推理机制,可严格限制上下文中的部分词对输出的影响。其流程为:(1)标记敏感词;(2)去除敏感词进行模型推理获得基线输出;(3)加入敏感词重新推理;(4)融合两个分布,使最终输出与基线分布保持有限距离。该机制不仅缓解了提示注入攻击,更专注于文档隐私化任务——即改写含敏感词的文档(如个人信息),使攻击者无法可靠推断原始敏感信息,同时保持高文本质量。隐私与效用由ε控制:ε=0时完全隐藏敏感信息,更高值则提升文本质量。实验表明,本方法在理论与实证上均实现显著更强的隐私保护,且困惑度比现有方法低6倍。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Large language models (LLMs) do not preserve privacy at inference-time. The LLM's outputs can inadvertently reveal information about the model's context, which presents a privacy challenge when the LLM is augmented via tools or databases containing sensitive information. Existing privacy-preserving methods at inference-time have significant limitations since they (i) lack provable guarantees or (ii) have a poor utility/privacy trade-off. We propose DP-Fusion, a Differentially Private Inference (DPI) mechanism for LLMs that provably bounds the influence a set of tokens in the context can have on the LLM's output. DP-Fusion works as follows: (1) label a subset of sensitive tokens, (2) infer the LLM without any sensitive tokens to obtain a baseline, (3) infer the LLM with the sensitive tokens, and (4) blend distributions so that the final output remains within a bounded distance of the baseline distribution. While this per-token influence bound also mitigates jailbreak-style prompt injection, we focus on \emph{document privatization}, where the goal is to paraphrase a document containing sensitive tokens, e.g., personally identifiable information, so that no attacker can reliably infer them from the paraphrased document while preserving high text quality. The privacy/utility trade-off is controlled by $ε$, where $ε=0$ hides sensitive tokens entirely, while higher values trade off privacy for improved text quality. We show that our method creates token-level provably privatized documents with substantially improved theoretical and empirical privacy, achieving $6\times$ lower perplexity than related DPI methods.
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