超博弈理论让多智能体系统更真实,处理认知偏差与信念嵌套问题。
A Survey on Hypergame Theory: Modelling Misaligned Perceptions and Nested Beliefs for Multi-Agent Systems
- 用主观感知游戏建模智能体对策略场景的不同理解。
- 49项研究显示层级与图模型在欺骗推理中占主导地位。
- 适合研究网络安全、机器人协作中的非理性决策场景。
经典博弈论假设智能体理性、信息完全且收益共识,但现实多智能体系统常存在不确定性、认知错配与信念嵌套。为克服此局限,研究者提出引入认知约束、主观信念与异质推理的扩展模型。其中,超博弈理论通过显式建模智能体对战略情景的主观感知(即感知博弈),允许其对结构、收益或可用行动持有分歧。本文系统综述了超博弈理论在多智能体系统中的适配应用,分析了49项来自网络安全、机器人、社会仿真、通信及一般博弈建模的研究。基于对超博弈理论及其两大延伸——层级超博弈与HNF的正式介绍,我们构建了智能体兼容性标准与基于智能体的分类框架,评估集成模式与实际适用性。分析发现,层级与图模型在欺骗推理中占主导,而复杂理论框架在实践中趋于简化。尚存结构性缺口:如HNF模型采用率低、缺乏形式化超博弈语言,以及人-机与机-机错配建模未充分探索。本文总结趋势、挑战与开放方向,为提升动态多智能体环境中战略建模的现实性与有效性提供新路径。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Classical game-theoretic models typically assume rational agents, complete information, and common knowledge of payoffs - assumptions that are often violated in real-world MAS characterized by uncertainty, misaligned perceptions, and nested beliefs. To overcome these limitations, researchers have proposed extensions that incorporate models of cognitive constraints, subjective beliefs, and heterogeneous reasoning. Among these, hypergame theory extends the classical paradigm by explicitly modeling agents' subjective perceptions of the strategic scenario, known as perceptual games, in which agents may hold divergent beliefs about the structure, payoffs, or available actions. We present a systematic review of agent-compatible applications of hypergame theory, examining how its descriptive capabilities have been adapted to dynamic and interactive MAS contexts. We analyze 49 selected studies from cybersecurity, robotics, social simulation, communications, and general game-theoretic modeling. Building on a formal introduction to hypergame theory and its two major extensions - hierarchical hypergames and HNF - we develop agent-compatibility criteria and an agent-based classification framework to assess integration patterns and practical applicability. Our analysis reveals prevailing tendencies, including the prevalence of hierarchical and graph-based models in deceptive reasoning and the simplification of extensive theoretical frameworks in practical applications. We identify structural gaps, including the limited adoption of HNF-based models, the lack of formal hypergame languages, and unexplored opportunities for modeling human-agent and agent-agent misalignment. By synthesizing trends, challenges, and open research directions, this review provides a new roadmap for applying hypergame theory to enhance the realism and effectiveness of strategic modeling in dynamic multi-agent environments.
Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. PaperDance 不是 arXiv 官方产品;中文卡片由大模型生成,请以原文为准。