重新定义人工智能中的人类中心，强调技术与认知的互动关系
What Does 'Human-Centred AI' Mean?
- 将AI视为技术与人类认知的互动关系，而非单纯工具
- 提出认知劳动的三类关系：替代、增强与削弱
- 呼吁直面人机交互中的认知本质，破除对AI的迷信
尽管人类中心的人工智能常被理解为以人类行为和体验为核心，但这一概念必须重新审视。本文主张，人工智能本质上是技术与人类之间的关系，其特征在于技术在不同程度上承担了人类的认知劳动。通过对比算盘与心算、闹钟与叫醒员、相机与视觉、工厂与裁缝等案例，揭示技术如何影响人类认知。基于新定义与分析，社会技术关系可划分为认知劳动的三种类型：取代（有害）、增强（有益）或替代（中性）。所有人工智能都必然涉及人类认知，对认知过程的遮蔽——从时钟到人工神经网络——导致认知扭曲，延缓批判性思考，歪曲认知科学，并限制真正以人为本的系统设计。要摆脱对AI的盲目崇拜，必须直视人机协同中的认知核心。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
While it seems sensible that human-centred artificial intelligence (AI) means centring "human behaviour and experience," it cannot be any other way. AI, I argue, is usefully seen as a relationship between technology and humans where it appears that artifacts can perform, to a greater or lesser extent, human cognitive labour. This is evinced using examples that juxtapose technology with cognition, inter alia: abacus versus mental arithmetic; alarm clock versus knocker-upper; camera versus vision; and sweatshop versus tailor. Using novel definitions and analyses, sociotechnical relationships can be analysed into varying types of: displacement (harmful), enhancement (beneficial), and/or replacement (neutral) of human cognitive labour. Ultimately, all AI implicates human cognition; no matter what. Obfuscation of cognition in the AI context -- from clocks to artificial neural networks -- results in distortion, in slowing critical engagement, perverting cognitive science, and indeed in limiting our ability to truly centre humans and humanity in the engineering of AI systems. To even begin to de-fetishise AI, we must look the human-in-the-loop in the eyes.
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