arXiv:2507.21482cs.CLcs.AI2025-07EMNLP

用任务多样性选数据,80%减标注成本,还能提效果。

Improving Task Diversity in Label Efficient Supervised Finetuning of LLMs

  • 按任务差异选样本,用反置信度权重筛选
  • 比全量数据训练高4%的MMLU得分
  • 适合预算少但想高效微调大模型的人

大语言模型在多领域表现卓越,但针对特定应用构建高性能模型常需大量人工标注,过程耗时、费力且昂贵。本文提出一种标签高效的监督微调方法,核心思想是利用任务多样性进行有效数据选择,区别于以往基于提示多样性的方法。基于两个关键观察:1)不同提示的任务标签通常可得;2)预训练模型在不同任务上的置信度差异显著。据此设计了一种简单有效的采样策略:通过反置信度加权跨任务选取样本。该方法在实现与复杂采样相当甚至更优性能的同时,易于实现且计算开销更低。实验表明,该方法在多个标注预算下,于两个指令微调数据集上均优于或持平现有最佳方法,且标注成本降低最高达80%,并在完整数据集训练基础上提升4%的MMLU得分。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse domains, but developing high-performing models for specialized applications often requires substantial human annotation -- a process that is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and expensive. In this paper, we address the label-efficient learning problem for supervised finetuning (SFT) by leveraging task-diversity as a fundamental principle for effective data selection. This is markedly different from existing methods based on the prompt-diversity. Our approach is based on two key observations: 1) task labels for different prompts are often readily available; 2) pre-trained models have significantly varying levels of confidence across tasks. We combine these facts to devise a simple yet effective sampling strategy: we select examples across tasks using an inverse confidence weighting strategy. This produces models comparable to or better than those trained with more complex sampling procedures, while being significantly easier to implement and less computationally intensive. Notably, our experimental results demonstrate that this method can achieve better accuracy than training on the complete dataset (a 4\% increase in MMLU score). Across various annotation budgets and two instruction finetuning datasets, our algorithm consistently performs at or above the level of the best existing methods, while reducing annotation costs by up to 80\%.

微调优化数据筛选高效学习

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