提出统一编程范式的形式化框架，解决多范式语言的分类难题。
Towards a unified framework for programming paradigms: A systematic review of classification formalisms and methodological foundations
- 基于74项研究，发现现有分类体系缺乏统一基础和细粒度
- 提出用类型论、范畴论等数学框架重构编程范式
- 适合对编程语言理论感兴趣的研究者参考
多范式语言的兴起挑战了传统分类方法，导致互操作性缺陷等实际软件工程问题。本系统文献综述（SLR）梳理了编程范式的形式基础。目标为：(1) 评估现有分类形式化方法及其局限性；(2) 识别更强大、可重构方法的概念原语与数学框架。基于74项原始研究的综合分析，发现现有分类体系在概念粒度、统一形式基础方面不足，且难以处理混合语言。我们的分析揭示出向组合式重构范式演进的强烈趋势：识别出一组正交的原子原语，并利用类型论、范畴论及统一编程理论（UTP）等数学框架，形式化保障其组合性质。结论表明，学界正从分类转向这些有前景的形式化重构框架。本综述描绘了这一演变路径，并提出了统一研究议程。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
The rise of multi-paradigm languages challenges traditional classification methods, leading to practical software engineering issues like interoperability defects. This systematic literature review (SLR) maps the formal foundations of programming paradigms. Our objective is twofold: (1) to assess the state of the art of classification formalisms and their limitations, and (2) to identify the conceptual primitives and mathematical frameworks for a more powerful, reconstructive approach. Based on a synthesis of 74 primary studies, we find that existing taxonomies lack conceptual granularity, a unified formal basis, and struggle with hybrid languages. In response, our analysis reveals a strong convergence toward a compositional reconstruction of paradigms. This approach identifies a minimal set of orthogonal, atomic primitives and leverages mathematical frameworks, predominantly Type theory, Category theory and Unifying Theories of Programming (UTP), to formally guarantee their compositional properties. We conclude that the literature reflects a significant intellectual shift away from classification towards these promising formal, reconstructive frameworks. This review provides a map of this evolution and proposes a research agenda for their unification.
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