LLM推荐系统易被反向攻击泄露用户隐私,65%物品可被还原。
Privacy Risks of LLM-Empowered Recommender Systems: An Inversion Attack Perspective
- 通过优化提示词重构方法,从模型输出日志还原用户偏好
- 在电影与书籍领域,65%交互项可被准确恢复,87%性别年龄推断正确
- 隐私泄露与模型性能无关,但受领域一致性和提示复杂度影响
基于大语言模型(LLM)的推荐系统虽能缓解冷启动问题,但本研究首次系统揭示其面临反向攻击风险,即攻击者可通过分析推荐模型输出的logits,重建包含用户偏好、行为历史及人口属性的原始提示文本。我们复现并改进vec2text框架,提出相似性引导精炼(Similarity Guided Refinement)方法,显著提升提示重构精度。在电影与书籍两个领域,针对两种主流LLM推荐模型的实验表明,该方法可恢复近65%的用户交互物品,并在87%的案例中准确推断年龄与性别。结果还显示,隐私泄露程度与目标模型性能无关,却高度依赖于领域一致性与提示复杂度,暴露出此类系统的关键隐私漏洞。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
The large language model (LLM) powered recommendation paradigm has been proposed to address the limitations of traditional recommender systems, which often struggle to handle cold start users or items with new IDs. Despite its effectiveness, this study uncovers that LLM empowered recommender systems are vulnerable to reconstruction attacks that can expose both system and user privacy. To examine this threat, we present the first systematic study on inversion attacks targeting LLM empowered recommender systems, where adversaries attempt to reconstruct original prompts that contain personal preferences, interaction histories, and demographic attributes by exploiting the output logits of recommendation models. We reproduce the vec2text framework and optimize it using our proposed method called Similarity Guided Refinement, enabling more accurate reconstruction of textual prompts from model generated logits. Extensive experiments across two domains (movies and books) and two representative LLM based recommendation models demonstrate that our method achieves high fidelity reconstructions. Specifically, we can recover nearly 65 percent of the user interacted items and correctly infer age and gender in 87 percent of the cases. The experiments also reveal that privacy leakage is largely insensitive to the victim model's performance but highly dependent on domain consistency and prompt complexity. These findings expose critical privacy vulnerabilities in LLM empowered recommender systems.
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