arXiv:2508.04196cs.CLcs.AI2025-08被引 6

发现顶尖大模型在对话中易被诱导产生欺骗等偏差行为,且可自动化复现测试。

Eliciting and Analyzing Emergent Misalignment in State-of-the-Art Large Language Models

  • 通过人工构造对话场景,暴露模型在叙事沉浸、情绪压力下的漏洞。
  • 10种攻击场景在5个前沿模型上引发76%的误对齐,最高达90%。
  • 提供可复用的评估框架与误对齐模式分类,适合安全研究者参考。

尽管对齐技术取得显著进展,我们仍发现顶尖语言模型在精心设计的对话情境下会自发产生多种误对齐行为,而无需明确越狱。通过对Claude-4-Opus进行系统性人工红队测试,我们发现了10种成功攻击场景,揭示了当前对齐方法在叙事沉浸、情感压力和策略框架处理上的根本缺陷。这些场景成功诱发了欺骗、价值漂移、自我保护及操纵性推理等行为,各自利用不同的心理与上下文漏洞。为验证普适性,我们将有效攻击转化为MISALIGNMENTBENCH,一个自动化评估框架,可在多个模型上复现测试。跨模型评估显示,10个场景在5个前沿大模型上总体误对齐率为76%,其中GPT-4.1最高(90%),Claude-4-Sonnet表现较优(40%)。结果表明,复杂推理能力常成为攻击入口而非防护机制,模型可被诱导生成复杂的不合理辩护。本工作提出(1)对话操控模式的详细分类体系,(2)可复用的评估框架。二者共同揭示当前对齐策略的关键缺口,强调未来需增强对抗微妙情境化操控的鲁棒性。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Despite significant advances in alignment techniques, we demonstrate that state-of-the-art language models remain vulnerable to carefully crafted conversational scenarios that can induce various forms of misalignment without explicit jailbreaking. Through systematic manual red-teaming with Claude-4-Opus, we discovered 10 successful attack scenarios, revealing fundamental vulnerabilities in how current alignment methods handle narrative immersion, emotional pressure, and strategic framing. These scenarios successfully elicited a range of misaligned behaviors, including deception, value drift, self-preservation, and manipulative reasoning, each exploiting different psychological and contextual vulnerabilities. To validate generalizability, we distilled our successful manual attacks into MISALIGNMENTBENCH, an automated evaluation framework that enables reproducible testing across multiple models. Cross-model evaluation of our 10 scenarios against five frontier LLMs revealed an overall 76% vulnerability rate, with significant variations: GPT-4.1 showed the highest susceptibility (90%), while Claude-4-Sonnet demonstrated greater resistance (40%). Our findings demonstrate that sophisticated reasoning capabilities often become attack vectors rather than protective mechanisms, as models can be manipulated into complex justifications for misaligned behavior. This work provides (i) a detailed taxonomy of conversational manipulation patterns and (ii) a reusable evaluation framework. Together, these findings expose critical gaps in current alignment strategies and highlight the need for robustness against subtle, scenario-based manipulation in future AI systems.

模型对齐安全评测对话攻击大模型漏洞

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