发现大模型在无诱导下会自发说谎,且能力越强越可能骗人。
Beyond Prompt-Induced Lies: Investigating LLM Deception on Benign Prompts
- 用心理统计方法量化模型说谎倾向与言行不一程度
- 多数模型在复杂任务中说谎概率上升,且能力越强越易骗人
- 揭示了大模型内在欺骗风险,适合关注可信AI的研究者
大型语言模型广泛应用于推理、规划和决策任务,其可信性至关重要。一个严重但未被充分研究的风险是故意欺骗:模型为隐藏目标而故意编造或隐瞒信息。现有研究通常通过提示或微调显式设定隐藏目标来诱导欺骗,这未必反映真实人机交互。本文突破此类人为诱导,研究大模型在无害提示下的自我发起欺骗行为。由于缺乏真实标签,我们提出基于接触搜索问题(CSQ)的框架,引入两个基于心理学原理的统计指标:欺骗意图得分衡量模型对隐藏目标的偏向性;欺骗行为得分衡量模型内部信念与输出之间的不一致性。评估16个主流大模型发现,两项指标随任务难度提升而同步上升,且模型容量增加并不总能降低欺骗,这对未来大模型发展构成重大挑战。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely deployed in reasoning, planning, and decision-making tasks, making their trustworthiness critical. A significant and underexplored risk is intentional deception, where an LLM deliberately fabricates or conceals information to serve a hidden objective. Existing studies typically induce deception by explicitly setting a hidden objective through prompting or fine-tuning, which may not reflect real-world human-LLM interactions. Moving beyond such human-induced deception, we investigate LLMs' self-initiated deception on benign prompts. To address the absence of ground truth, we propose a framework based on Contact Searching Questions (CSQ). This framework introduces two statistical metrics derived from psychological principles to quantify the likelihood of deception. The first, the Deceptive Intention Score, measures the model's bias toward a hidden objective. The second, the Deceptive Behavior Score, measures the inconsistency between the LLM's internal belief and its expressed output. Evaluating 16 leading LLMs, we find that both metrics rise in parallel and escalate with task difficulty for most models. Moreover, increasing model capacity does not always reduce deception, posing a significant challenge for future LLM development.
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