arXiv:2508.07616cs.AIcs.CL2025-08EMNLP被引 9

通过教师反馈引导学生模型,让不会思考的模型学会自我反思式推理。

ThinkTuning: Instilling Cognitive Reflections without Distillation

  • 用教师模型在推理过程中提供纠正性反馈,引导学生模型逐步改进思路。
  • 在多个基准上平均提升3.85%,在MATH-500等任务上优于基线2%以上。
  • 无需知识蒸馏,适合希望提升模型推理能力但无强教师模型的场景。

最近的测试时扩展进展催生了具备自我反思与多步推理能力的思维型大模型。尽管强化学习驱动了这一自进化范式,但最新研究(Gandhi et al., 2025)表明,强化学习本身并未真正赋予模型新的推理能力,而只是激发了基座模型中已存在的行为。这引发一个问题:如何让原本不具备此类思考行为的模型从零开始发展出推理能力?为此,我们提出ThinkTuning,一种基于GRPO的交互式训练方法,通过引入同规模教师模型对学生产生的推理轨迹进行指导性反馈。该方法灵感源自课堂教学:教师提出问题,让学生尝试解答,再给出修正性反馈——足够指引方向并揭示正确解法。每轮反馈重塑学生思维,最终引导其得出正确答案。我们发现,这种来自同规模教师模型的隐式监督显著提升了学生模型的推理能力。平均而言,该方法在多个基准上相较零样本基线提升3.85%;在MATH-500、AIME和GPQA-Diamond上分别较原始GRPO基线提升2.08%、2.23%和3.99%。源代码已公开于https://github.com/3rdAT/ThinkTuning。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Recent advances in test-time scaling have led to the emergence of thinking LLMs that exhibit self-reflective behaviors and multi-step reasoning. While RL drives this self-improvement paradigm, a recent study (Gandhi et al., 2025) shows that RL alone does not truly instill these new reasoning abilities - it merely draws out behaviors already present in the base models. This raises a question: How can we train the models that don't exhibit such thinking behavior to develop it in the first place? To this end, we propose ThinkTuning, a GRPO-based interactive training approach where we augment the rollouts of a student model with the guidance from a teacher model. A simple idea from classroom practice inspires our method: a teacher poses a problem, lets the student try an answer, then gives corrective feedback -- enough to point the mind in the right direction and then show the solution. Each piece of feedback reshapes the student's thoughts, leading them to arrive at the correct solution. Similarly, we find that this type of implicit supervision through feedback from a teacher model of the same size improves the reasoning capabilities of the student model. In particular, on average, our method shows a 3.85% improvement over zero-shot baselines across benchmarks, and on MATH-500, AIME and GPQA-Diamond it shows 2.08%, 2.23% and 3.99% improvements over the vanilla-GRPO baseline. Source code is available at https://github.com/3rdAT/ThinkTuning.

思维推理强化学习师生训练

Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. PaperDance 不是 arXiv 官方产品;中文卡片由大模型生成,请以原文为准。