arXiv:2508.08198cs.GRcs.RO2025-08被引 1

用简单模型实现平面材料自动生成复杂三维形状,适用于软体机器人和可重构器件。

Emergent morphogenesis via planar fabrication enabled by a reduced model of composites

  • 用单层简化模型模拟双层材料的拉伸与弯曲耦合行为
  • 加热后生成碗、船、花瓣等3D结构,仿真与实物一致
  • 适合需要快速设计制造复杂形态的工程应用

从平面薄片精确可控地构建复杂三维形状,是软体机器人、可重构器件和功能材料领域的关键技术。本文提出一种基于双层系统的简化数值与实验框架:由热响应型热塑性片材(Shrinky Dink)与激光切割的无反应塑料层构成。均匀加热时,主动层收缩,而图案化惰性层限制平面拉伸但允许面外弯曲,从而实现从简单平面前体到可编程三维形态的转化。该方法通过将多层复合结构降维为单层节点与单元,显著减少自由度,使二维几何上的高效仿真成为可能。其核心在于引入新型能量泛函,捕捉平面应变失配与面外弯曲之间的耦合关系,突破传统各向同性线弹性模型局限。实验上,建立全平面、可重复的制造流程,利用热响应热塑性材料与激光切割惰性层,驱动一系列3D形态,如碗、小船、花瓣等,均经仿真与实物原型双重验证。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

The ability to engineer complex three-dimensional shapes from planar sheets with precise, programmable control underpins emerging technologies in soft robotics, reconfigurable devices, and functional materials. Here, we present a reduced-order numerical and experimental framework for a bilayer system consisting of a stimuli-responsive thermoplastic sheet (Shrinky Dink) bonded to a kirigami-patterned, inert plastic layer. Upon uniform heating, the active layer contracts while the patterned layer constrains in-plane stretch but allows out-of-plane bending, yielding programmable 3D morphologies from simple planar precursors. Our approach enables efficient computational design and scalable manufacturing of 3D forms with a single-layer reduced model that captures the coupled mechanics of stretching and bending. Unlike traditional bilayer modeling, our framework collapses the multilayer composite into a single layer of nodes and elements, reducing the degrees of freedom and enabling simulation on a 2D geometry. This is achieved by introducing a novel energy formulation that captures the coupling between in-plane stretch mismatch and out-of-plane bending - extending beyond simple isotropic linear elastic models. Experimentally, we establish a fully planar, repeatable fabrication protocol using a stimuli-responsive thermoplastic and a laser-cut inert plastic layer. The programmed strain mismatch drives an array of 3D morphologies, such as bowls, canoes, and flower petals, all verified by both simulation and physical prototypes.

三维变形软体机器人结构设计

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