首个公开的儿童脱髓鞘病灶分割数据集，助力精准诊疗研究

Demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system may have multiple causes, the most common are infections, autoimmune responses, genetic or vascular etiology. Demyelination lesions are characterized by areas were the myelin sheath of the nerve fibers are broken or destroyed. Among autoimmune disorders, Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most well-known Among these disorders, Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most well-known and aggressive form. Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is another type of demyelinating disease, typically with a better prognosis. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is widely used for diagnosing and monitoring disease progression by detecting lesions. While both adults and children can be affected, there is a significant lack of publicly available datasets for pediatric cases and demyelinating disorders beyond MS. This study introduces, for the first time, a publicly available pediatric dataset for demyelinating lesion segmentation. The dataset comprises MRI scans from 13 pediatric patients diagnosed with demyelinating disorders, including 3 with ADEM. In addition to lesion segmentation masks, the dataset includes extensive patient metadata, such as diagnosis, treatment, personal medical background, and laboratory results. To assess the quality of the dataset and demonstrate its relevance, we evaluate a state-of-the-art lesion segmentation model trained on an existing MS dataset. The results underscore the importance of diverse datasets