目标导向性是观察者主观判断，无法客观测量。
Goal-Directedness is in the Eye of the Beholder
- 区分行为与机制两种判断目标导向性的方法
- 指出形式化目标时存在技术与概念问题
- 主张目标导向性应作为多智能体系统的涌现属性
我们预测复杂智能体行为的能力依赖于对其目标的归因。探测目标导向性有两种路径：行为方法认为可通过观察行为推断目标导向性；机制方法则试图在内部模型状态中寻找目标。本文剖析两种方法背后的假设，揭示在智能体系统中形式化目标所引发的技术与概念难题。研究得出一个看似意外的结论：目标导向性无法被客观衡量。文章提出将目标导向性建模为动态多智能体系统中涌现属性的新方向。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Our ability to predict the behavior of complex agents turns on the attribution of goals. Probing for goal-directed behavior comes in two flavors: Behavioral and mechanistic. The former proposes that goal-directedness can be estimated through behavioral observation, whereas the latter attempts to probe for goals in internal model states. We work through the assumptions behind both approaches, identifying technical and conceptual problems that arise from formalizing goals in agent systems. We arrive at the perhaps surprising position that goal-directedness cannot be measured objectively. We outline new directions for modeling goal-directedness as an emergent property of dynamic, multi-agent systems.
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