用构式语法理解多词表达，揭示人与大模型学习新短语的差异。
Dancing with Deer: A Constructional Perspective on MWEs in the Era of LLMs
- 从构式语法视角解析多词表达，强调形式与意义配对。
- 实验显示人与大模型均能单次暴露后泛化新短语含义。
- 人类可对比多个新表达，因拥有丰富跨模态经验库。
本文主张从使用基础的构式语法视角理解多词表达（MWEs）的优势。首先回顾构式语法的发展历程，说明其如何用与非习语结构相同的语法机制解释习语。全面描述构式：任何层级（词素、词、短语）的形式与意义配对，并探讨构式的习得与泛化机制。以英语PropBank为例，展示构式模板在表示多词表达中的成功应用。由于构式可存在于任意语言单位层次，进一步以阿帕哈语（高度综合、黏着性语言）为例，说明构式表示多义形态句法单位的优势。另以统一语义表示（Uniform Meaning Representation）为案例，展示构式模板在多词素表达中的应用。最后，比较人类与大语言模型对新多词表达（如"dancing with deer"）的学习机制。实验表明，两者均可基于单次使用实例泛化含义；但只有人类能推理两个新表达的组合，这依赖于个体一生积累的、富含跨模态细节的构式范例库。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
In this chapter, we argue for the benefits of understanding multiword expressions from the perspective of usage-based, construction grammar approaches. We begin with a historical overview of how construction grammar was developed in order to account for idiomatic expressions using the same grammatical machinery as the non-idiomatic structures of language. We cover a comprehensive description of constructions, which are pairings of meaning with form of any size (morpheme, word, phrase), as well as how constructional approaches treat the acquisition and generalization of constructions. We describe a successful case study leveraging constructional templates for representing multiword expressions in English PropBank. Because constructions can be at any level or unit of form, we then illustrate the benefit of a constructional representation of multi-meaningful morphosyntactic unit constructions in Arapaho, a highly polysynthetic and agglutinating language. We include a second case study leveraging constructional templates for representing these multi-morphemic expressions in Uniform Meaning Representation. Finally, we demonstrate the similarities and differences between a usage-based explanation of a speaker learning a novel multiword expression, such as "dancing with deer," and that of a large language model. We present experiments showing that both models and speakers can generalize the meaning of novel multiword expressions based on a single exposure of usage. However, only speakers can reason over the combination of two such expressions, as this requires comparison of the novel forms to a speaker's lifetime of stored constructional exemplars, which are rich with cross-modal details.
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