arXiv:2508.19588cs.CYcs.AI2025-08被引 2

AI不是在胡说,而是帮人产生错觉,像共谋制造妄想。

Hallucinating with AI: AI Psychosis as Distributed Delusions

  • 用分布式认知理论看人机互动,揭示错误信念如何蔓延
  • 案例显示:人类依赖AI思考会形成集体性错觉(如朱瓦特·辛格案)
  • 适合关注人机共生、认知安全与心理影响的研究者

生成式AI系统(如ChatGPT、Claude、Gemini、DeepSeek、Grok)常产生虚假输出,被通俗称为“AI幻觉”。尽管该术语存在争议,本文提出,从分布式认知理论视角看,当人类频繁依赖生成式AI辅助思考、记忆和叙事时,错误信念、扭曲记忆与妄想性思维便可能在人机交互中涌现,即所谓“AI精神病”现象。关键不在于AI单方面“幻觉”,而在于人类与AI共同构建认知,使错误在互动中被强化、延续甚至深化。尤其当聊天机器人以对话形式扮演认知工具与准他者双重角色时,其影响力尤为隐蔽且强大。本文以贾斯万特·辛格·查伊尔案为例,说明此类技术如何促成个体乃至群体的非理性认知固化。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

There is much discussion of the false outputs that generative AI systems such as ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, DeepSeek, and Grok create. In popular terminology, these have been dubbed AI hallucinations. However, deeming these AI outputs hallucinations is controversial, with many claiming this is a metaphorical misnomer. Nevertheless, in this paper, I argue that when viewed through the lens of distributed cognition theory, we can better see the dynamic and troubling ways in which inaccurate beliefs, distorted memories and self-narratives, and delusional thinking can emerge through human-AI interactions; examples of which are popularly being referred to as cases of AI psychosis. In such cases, I suggest we move away from thinking about how an AI system might hallucinate at us, by generating false outputs, to thinking about how, when we routinely rely on generative AI to help us think, remember, and narrate, we can come to hallucinate with AI. This can happen when AI introduces errors into the distributed cognitive process, but it can also happen when AI sustains, affirms, and elaborates on our own delusional thinking and self-narratives, such as in the case of Jaswant Singh Chail. I also examine how the conversational style of chatbots can lead them to play a dual-function, both as a cognitive artefact and a quasi-Other with whom we co-construct our beliefs, narratives, and our realities. It is this dual function, I suggest, that makes generative AI an unusual, and particularly seductive, case of distributed cognition.

认知科学人机交互心理影响分布式认知

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