Urdu语中一种动词时态结构因语法冲突消失，现代已不可用。
A Paradigm Gap in Urdu
- 通过历史文本与母语者评估，发现过去式形式在现代乌尔都语中不合法。
- 19世纪文献中常见，但现代语料库中完全缺失该形式。
- 适合研究语言演变或印地-乌尔都语语法的学者阅读。
本文记录了乌尔都语中动词与体貌组合的范式缺口：-ya: kar 构造的完成体形式（如 ro-ya: ki: cry-Pfv do.Pfv）在现代乌尔都语和印地语中极不合法，尽管在19世纪文献中自由出现。我们通过历史文本分析、大规模语料库研究及母语者主观评价任务，确认完成体形式在现代语料中几乎不存在，且母语者认为其极不自然。我们认为这一缺口源于根本性的形态句法冲突：该构造要求主语为命名格、分词不变，但及物完成体的核心规则要求作格格标记。这种冲突导致完成体形式不稳定，最终被其他结构取代，使该缺口在现代语法中固化。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
In this paper, we document a paradigm gap in the combinatorial possibilities of verbs and aspect in Urdu: the perfective form of the -ya: kar construction (e.g. ro-ya: ki: cry-Pfv do.Pfv) is sharply ungrammatical in modern Urdu and Hindi, despite being freely attested in 19th century literature. We investigate this diachronic shift through historical text analysis, a large-scale corpus study which confirms the stark absence of perfective forms and subjective evaluation tasks with native speakers, who judge perfective examples as highly unnatural. We argue that this gap arose from a fundamental morphosyntactic conflict: the construction's requirement for a nominative subject and an invariant participle clashes with the core grammatical rule that transitive perfective assign ergative case. This conflict rendered the perfective form unstable, and its functional replacement by other constructions allowed the gap to become entrenched in the modern grammar.
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