通过移除视觉变换器中的单个标记,检测模型对无关特征的依赖。
Token-Based Detection of Spurious Correlations in Vision Transformers
- 基于留一法移除图像标记,量化模型对非核心视觉线索的依赖。
- 在ImageNet上发现不同训练方法使模型对无关特征的依赖差异显著。
- 揭示水印、背景等常见干扰信号如何引发错误关联,适合模型可解释性研究者。
由于神经网络强大的特征关联能力,基于神经网络的计算机视觉模型可能探测并利用数据中的非预期模式,导致正确预测但基于错误或非预期却统计相关的信号。这些线索可能从简单的颜色异常到图像中的小段文字不等。当这些非预期信号与预测任务一致时,模型可能错误地将这些特征与任务关联并依赖它们进行预测。这种现象称为虚假相关性,即模式看似与任务相关,实则为偶然。因此,检测和缓解虚假相关性已成为构建可信、可靠且泛化能力强的机器学习模型的关键任务。本文提出一种基于标记的诊断流程,通过留一法移除标记来检测视觉变换器中的虚假相关性。该方法通过互补指标量化模型对非核心视觉线索的依赖,涵盖整体与局部效应。我们在监督与自监督训练的模型上,在ImageNet数据集上进行了大规模实验,证明了该方法识别虚假相关性的能力。我们还发现,即使使用相同架构,训练方法对模型依赖虚假相关性的程度有显著影响。此外,对于某些ImageNet类别,多个模型在大量图像上表现出对非核心视觉线索的强依赖,我们讨论了此类信号的常见来源(如水印和背景伪影)。最后,我们通过入侵性乳腺肿块分类的案例研究,深入分析了虚假信号的影响。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Due to their powerful feature association capabilities, neural network-based computer vision models have the ability to detect and exploit unintended patterns within the data, potentially leading to correct predictions based on incorrect or unintended but statistically relevant signals. These clues may vary from simple color aberrations to small pieces of text within the image. In situations where these unintended signals align with the predictive task, models can mistakenly link these features with the task and rely on them for making predictions. This phenomenon is referred to as spurious correlations, where patterns appear to be associated with the task but are actually coincidental. As a result, detection and mitigation of spurious correlations have become crucial tasks for building trustworthy, reliable, and generalizable machine learning models. In this work, we present a token-based diagnostic pipeline that applies leave-one-out token removal to detect spurious correlations in vision transformers. The proposed approach quantifies a model's reliance on non-core visual cues through complementary measures that capture both aggregate and localized spurious effects at the token level. Using both supervised and self-supervised trained models, we present large-scale experiments on the ImageNet dataset demonstrating the ability of the proposed method to identify spurious correlations. We also find that, even if the same architecture is used, the training methodology has a substantial impact on the model's reliance on spurious correlations. Furthermore, we show that for certain ImageNet classes, many images exhibit strong reliance on non-core visual cues across multiple models, and we discuss common sources of such signals (e.g., watermarks and background artifacts). Lastly, we present a case study investigating spurious signals in invasive breast mass classification.
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