用耳内电生理信号实现无感睡眠监测，准确率超90%
Feasibility of In-Ear Single-Channel ExG for Wearable Sleep Monitoring in Real-World Settings
- 仅用单通道耳内电极采集信号，无需复杂设备
- 二分类睡眠检测准确率达90.5%，四分类达65.1%
- 适合居家长期使用，可自动暂停播客等场景
自动睡眠分期通常依赖金标准的脑电图（EEG）设备，虽准确但笨重，难以在实验室外日常使用。为实现真实环境下的连续长期监测，本研究探索了单通道耳内电生理（ExG）信号用于可穿戴设备睡眠分期的可行性。实验招募11名参与者（平均年龄24岁），使用定制耳塞，一侧为干电极（Dätwyler SoftPulse），另一侧为参考电极。睡眠阶段真值由经验证的Apple Watch Ultra获取。在留一被试者交叉验证下，系统在二分类任务（清醒 vs. 睡眠）中达到90.5%准确率，在四分类任务（清醒、快速眼动、核心睡眠、深度睡眠）中达到65.1%准确率。结果表明，耳内电极是一种低负担、舒适且可行的睡眠监测方案，适用于如用户入睡时自动停止播客等消费级应用。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Automatic sleep staging typically relies on gold-standard EEG setups, which are accurate but obtrusive and impractical for everyday use outside sleep laboratories. This limits applicability in real-world settings, such as home environments, where continuous, long-term monitoring is needed. Detecting sleep onset is particularly relevant, enabling consumer applications (e.g. automatically pausing media playback when the user falls asleep). Recent research has shown correlations between in-ear EEG and full-scalp EEG for various phenomena, suggesting wearable, in-ear devices could allow unobtrusive sleep monitoring. We investigated the feasibility of using single-channel in-ear electrophysiological (ExG) signals for automatic sleep staging in a wearable device by conducting a sleep study with 11 participants (mean age: 24), using a custom earpiece with a dry eartip electrode (Dätwyler SoftPulse) as a measurement electrode in one ear and a reference in the other. Ground truth sleep stages were obtained from an Apple Watch Ultra, validated for sleep staging. Our system achieved 90.5% accuracy for binary sleep detection (Awake vs. Asleep) and 65.1% accuracy for four-class staging (Awake, REM, Core, Deep) using leave-one-subject-out validation. These findings demonstrate the potential of in-ear electrodes as a low-effort, comfortable approach to sleep monitoring, with applications such as stopping podcasts when users fall asleep.
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