arXiv:2509.11259cs.LGcs.AI2025-09中稿 · ICML被引 5

用预训练回归模型直接解决强化学习问题,无需微调。

ICR-RL: Deep Reinforcement Learning via In-Context Regression

  • 将强化学习转化为上下文回归,利用预训练模型直接预测动作。
  • 在经典控制任务上性能媲美DQN、PPO等主流方法。
  • 零训练成本,适合快速部署和资源受限场景。

当前机器学习进展主要由在大规模多样化数据上预训练的基础模型(FMs)推动,使其能有效泛化至新任务。然而,将此范式扩展到强化学习(RL)仍具挑战:多数方法需在大量控制任务上训练基础模型,环境构建与训练扩展成本高。本文提出一种更简单的思路——将强化学习还原为回归问题。我们证明,一个预训练于回归任务的基础模型,若作为上下文回归(ICR)模型使用,可直接应用于强化学习。基于此,我们提出无梯度的ICR-RL方法,无需额外训练,仅依赖ICR模型求解RL任务。实验采用近期提出的TabPFN(在广泛回归任务上预训练),在Gymnasium经典控制基准上测试,结果表明ICR-RL性能可与DQN、PPO、TRPO等常用方法相当。这表明,未微调的ICR基础模型可有效解决强化学习任务,具备成为面向强化学习的基础模型的潜力。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Recent advancements in machine learning have largely been driven by foundation models (FMs) trained on large, diverse datasets, enabling them to generalize effectively to new, related tasks. However, extending this paradigm to reinforcement learning (RL), where an agent interacts with an environment to select actions, remains a significant challenge. Most existing approaches train FMs directly on sets of control tasks, but developing diverse RL environments and scaling training across them can be costly and complex. In this study, we explore a simpler alternative approach based on a classical reduction from RL to regression. We demonstrate that a foundation model pre-trained for regression tasks, when used as an in-context regression (ICR) model, can be directly applied to RL problems. Building on this insight, we introduce a gradient-free method, ICR-RL, that requires no additional training and leverages an ICR foundation model to tackle RL tasks. We evaluate our approach by applying the ICR model with the recently proposed TabPFN, which is trained on a wide range of regression tasks. Experiments conducted on the Gymnasium classic-control benchmark indicate that ICR-RL can compete with commonly used methods, including DQN, PPO and TRPO. These results show that ICR foundation models can effectively solve RL tasks without fine-tuning, demonstrating their potential as a foundation for RL-oriented models.

强化学习基础模型回归零样本

Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. PaperDance 不是 arXiv 官方产品;中文卡片由大模型生成,请以原文为准。