arXiv:2509.13805cs.LGcs.AI2025-09被引 13

一个模型搞定多种物理模拟,无需重训就能预测新系统。

Towards a Physics Foundation Model

  • 用1.8TB数据训练的Transformer,从上下文推断物理规律。
  • 跨领域性能超专用模型7倍以上,零样本泛化到未见系统。
  • 长时序预测更稳定,适合复杂科学计算场景。

基础模型通过‘一次训练,随处部署’范式革新了自然语言处理。若存在物理基础模型(PFM),将极大降低高保真仿真的门槛,加速科学发现并消除专用求解器开发需求。然而现有物理感知机器学习仍局限于单一狭窄领域,且需为每个新系统重新训练。我们提出通用物理Transformer(GPhyT),基于1.8TB多样仿真数据训练,验证了物理基础模型的可能性。核心洞见是:变压器可从上下文中推断控制动力学,使单个模型无需预知方程即可模拟流固耦合、冲击波、热对流及多相流动。GPhyT实现三大突破:(1) 多物理领域性能优于专用架构逾7倍;(2) 通过上下文学习实现对完全未知物理系统的合理零样本泛化;(3) 长时序滚动预测更稳定。本工作证明仅凭数据即可学习通用物理原理,为构建普适性物理基础模型开辟道路,有望重塑计算科学与工程。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Foundation models have revolutionized natural language processing through a ``train once, deploy anywhere'' paradigm, where a single pre-trained model adapts to countless downstream tasks without retraining. Access to a Physics Foundation Model (PFM) would be transformative - democratizing access to high-fidelity simulations, accelerating scientific discovery, and eliminating the need for specialized solver development. Yet current physics-aware machine learning approaches remain fundamentally limited to single, narrow domains and require retraining for each new system. We present the General Physics Transformer (GPhyT), trained on 1.8 TB of diverse simulation data, that demonstrates foundation model capabilities are achievable for physics. Our key insight is that transformers can learn to infer governing dynamics from context, enabling a single model to simulate fluid-solid interactions, shock waves, thermal convection, and multi-phase dynamics without being told the underlying equations. GPhyT achieves three critical breakthroughs: (1) superior performance across multiple physics domains, outperforming specialized architectures by more than 7x, (2) plausible zero-shot generalization to entirely unseen physical systems through in-context learning, and (3) more stable long-term predictions through long-horizon rollouts. By establishing that a single model can learn generalizable physical principles from data alone, this work opens the path toward a universal PFM that could transform computational science and engineering.

物理建模Transformer基础模型仿真

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