端到端模仿学习让赛车智能体实时超车,安全率超94%。
End2Race: Efficient End-to-End Imitation Learning for Real-Time F1Tenth Racing
- 用GRU捕捉时序依赖,兼顾短时响应与长程策略
- 在2400次超车中实现94.2%安全率,59.2%成功超车
- 推理速度低于0.5毫秒,适合消费级显卡部署
F1Tenth是一个广泛使用的缩小版自动驾驶竞速平台,每年在全球举办竞赛。由于高速运行、动态环境和对头互动,自主竞速算法需区别于传统自动驾驶。训练此类算法极具挑战:高速下快速决策严重限制模型容量。为此,我们提出End2Race,一种专为对头竞速设计的新型端到端模仿学习算法。该算法采用门控循环单元(GRU)架构,捕捉连续时序依赖,实现短期响应与长期策略规划。同时引入基于Sigmoid的归一化函数,将原始激光雷达扫描转换为空间压力符号,提升训练效率与收敛性。算法极高效,在消费级GPU上推理时间低于0.5毫秒。在F1Tenth模拟器中,2400次超车场景(每场8秒时限)下,安全率达94.2%,成功完成超车比例达59.2%,优于此前方法,成为该测试平台领先方案。代码已公开于https://github.com/michigan-traffic-lab/End2Race。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
F1Tenth is a widely adopted reduced-scale platform for developing and testing autonomous racing algorithms, hosting annual competitions worldwide. With high operating speeds, dynamic environments, and head-to-head interactions, autonomous racing requires algorithms that diverge from those in classical autonomous driving. Training such algorithms is particularly challenging: the need for rapid decision-making at high speeds severely limits model capacity. To address this, we propose End2Race, a novel end-to-end imitation learning algorithm designed for head-to-head autonomous racing. End2Race leverages a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) architecture to capture continuous temporal dependencies, enabling both short-term responsiveness and long-term strategic planning. We also adopt a sigmoid-based normalization function that transforms raw LiDAR scans into spatial pressure tokens, facilitating effective model training and convergence. The algorithm is extremely efficient, achieving an inference time of less than 0.5 milliseconds on a consumer-class GPU. Experiments in the F1Tenth simulator demonstrate that End2Race achieves a 94.2% safety rate across 2,400 overtaking scenarios, each with an 8-second time limit, and successfully completes overtakes in 59.2% of cases. This surpasses previous methods and establishes ours as a leading solution for the F1Tenth racing testbed. Code is available at https://github.com/michigan-traffic-lab/End2Race.
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