用机器学习检测素数在乌拉姆螺旋中的有序程度,发现高数值区更易被模型识别。
Machine Learnability as a Measure of Order in Aperiodic Sequences
- 用图像模型分析乌拉姆螺旋不同区域的素数分布规律。
- 500万附近区域的素数模式比2500万以下区域更易被模型学习准确识别。
- 模型在高低数值区分别侧重识别素数与排除合数,契合数论猜想。
素数分布研究揭示其具有双重特性:定义上是确定性的,却表现出类似随机过程的统计行为。本文表明,可使用面向图像的机器学习模型,衡量乌拉姆螺旋特定区域内素数场的相对规律性。具体而言,在纯准确率方面,基于500万附近区域提取块训练的模型,优于基于低于2500万区域提取块训练的模型。这表明前一区域存在更易被学习的有序结构。进一步分析精确率与召回率显示,模型在螺旋不同区域采取不同分类策略:在低数值区更关注识别素数,在高数值区更注重剔除合数。这一现象与数论猜想一致——随着数量级升高,素数分布的噪声减弱,平均密度与等分布特性主导,局部随机性在以log x为尺度缩放后趋于规律化。这些发现暗示机器学习或可成为数论研究的新实验工具,尤其在强素数与弱素数模式分析中具备潜在应用价值,可用于密码学研究。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Research on the distribution of prime numbers has revealed a dual character: deterministic in definition yet exhibiting statistical behavior reminiscent of random processes. In this paper we show that it is possible to use an image-focused machine learning model to measure the comparative regularity of prime number fields at specific regions of an Ulam spiral. Specifically, we demonstrate that in pure accuracy terms, models trained on blocks extracted from regions of the spiral in the vicinity of 500m outperform models trained on blocks extracted from the region representing integers lower than 25m. This implies existence of more easily learnable order in the former region than in the latter. Moreover, a detailed breakdown of precision and recall scores seem to imply that the model is favouring a different approach to classification in different regions of the spiral, focusing more on identifying prime patterns at lower numbers and more on eliminating composites at higher numbers. This aligns with number theory conjectures suggesting that at higher orders of magnitude we should see diminishing noise in prime number distributions, with averages (density, AP equidistribution) coming to dominate, while local randomness regularises after scaling by log x. Taken together, these findings point toward an interesting possibility: that machine learning can serve as a new experimental instrument for number theory. Notably, the method shows potential 1 for investigating the patterns in strong and weak primes for cryptographic purposes.
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